In-cloud scavenging of gases and aerosols at a mountain site in Central Switzerland     

B. Oberholzer  J. L. Collett Jr.  J. Staehelin  A. Waldvogel 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1992,14(1-4):61-71

An in-cloud scavenging case study of the major ions (NH₄ ⁺, SO₄ ^2- and NO₃ ^-) determining the cloudwater composition at a mountain site (1620 m.a.s.l.) is presented. A comparison between in-cloud measurements of the cloudwater composition, liquid water content, gas concentrations and aerosol concentrations and pre-cloud gas and aerosol concentrations yields the following results. Cloudwater concentrations resulted from scavenging of about half of the available NH₃, aerosol NH₄ ⁺, aerosol NO₃ ^-, and aerosol SO₄ ^2-. Approximately a third of the SO₂ was scavenged by the cloudwater and oxidized to SO₄ ^2-. Cloud acidity during the first two hours of cloud interception (pH 3.24) was determined mostly by the scavenged gases (NH₃, SO₂, and HNO₃); aerosol contributions to the acidity were found to be small. Observations of gas and aerosol concentrations at three elevations prior to several winter precipitation events indicated that NH₃ concentrations are typically half (12–80 %) of the total (gas and aerosol) N (-III) concentrations. HNO₃ typically is present at much lower concentrations (1–55 %) than aerosol NO₃ ^-. Concentrations of SO₂ are a substantial component of total sulfur, with concentrations averaging 60 % (14–76 %) of the total S (IV and VI).  相似文献   

云下污染气体清除作用的物理化学因子     

刘小红  王明康 《南京气象学院学报》1992,15(2):30-36

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Model simulations of rainout and washout from a warm stratiform cloud     

Lin Xing  William L. Chameides 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1990,10(1):1-26

A one-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model with parameterized microphysics is used to investigate the processes which control the rainout and washout of soluble gases from warm, precipitating stratiform clouds. Calculations are presented simulating the distributions of soluble species within and below the cloud layer and in the precipitating raindrops as a function of time and species' solubility. Our calculations indicate that for species with low solubility, wet removal processes are relatively slow and thus do not significantly affect the species' gas-phase abundance. As a result, the removal of low-solubility species by rainout and washout is controlled by thermodynamic processes with the concentration of the species in cloud and rainwater largely determined by the species' solubility. For highly soluble species on the other hand, dissolution into cloud droplets and removal in rain is quite rapid and the abundance of highly soluble species within and below the cloud falls rapidly as soon as the precipitation begins. Because of this rapid decrease in concentration, we find that for highly soluble species: concentrations in cloud droplets near the cloud base can exceed that of raindrops by factors of 2 to 10; washout can dominate over rainout as a removal mechanism; and that, after an extended period of rainfall, the rate of removal becomes independent of the microphysical properties and rainfall rate of the cloud and is controlled by the rate of transport of material into the precipitating column by horizontal advection.  相似文献   

积云的清除作用与其酸化的数值模拟   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王明康  刘小红  任传森 《大气科学》1994,18(2):224-232

一维时变参数化积云模式与污染物浓度连续方程相结合，根据积云内外SO2和HNO3浓度、云水S(VI)浓度、H2O2和O3的氧化速率以及地面雨水S(VI)浓度的时空变化，分别讨论核化清除、液相氧化、云下气溶胶清除、碱性气溶胶、云外污染物的夹卷以及SO2初始分布等因子的重要性。  相似文献   

A theoretical study of chemical kinetic control in the scavenging of pollutant gases by cloud and rain drops     

J. H. Topalian  D. C. Montague 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,8(1):1-18

Theoretical models that describe the uptake of trace gases by water drops falling at terminal velocity in air have been extended to include the effects of aqueous phase chemical processes that occur on time scales comparable with or greater than that over which the relevant physical scavenging processes operate. In particular, the case of reversible dervative formation by the absorbed species has been treated, and illustrated by application to the absorption of acetaldehyde under conditions prevailing in the atmosphere. In addition, the relative influences of aqueous phase chemistry and of convective-diffusion on the efficiency of the scavenging process have been explored more generally, using the revised models. A brief comparison of the factors controlling the uptake of sulfur dioxide, dichloromethane, and acetaldehyde is presented.  相似文献   

NUMERICAL MODELING OF CUMULUS CLOUD CHEMISTRY-PART Ⅱ:THE IMPACT OF CUMULUS CLOUD PROCESSES ON OZONE CHEMISTRY^*          下载免费PDF全文

Zhao Chunsheng  Qin Yu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1996,10(4):485-492

Ozone chemistry processes are analyzed during a cumulus cloud process with the model（lCCCM）described in Part Ⅰ.The simulation results show that entire cumulus cloud process can be well described with the development of vertical velocities and liquid water content which are the two most outstanding features of cumulus clouds.Ozone chemistry is strongly influenced by cumulus clouds.NO_x can be transported upwards above 4 km in the first 20 minutes of the convection event and form a relative higher concentration area which enhances the production of ozone.Two areas appear during the convection event:area of net ozone production and area of net ozone depletion.The area of ozone depletion coincides with the area of liquid water within cloud.Results show that the aqueous phase（cloud water and rainwater）can alter gas ozone level through two ways:one is scavenging free radicals（HO₂）from the gas phase and thereby inhibiting the reactions of transformation to NO₂ from NO,which results in reduction of the gas source of ozone;the other is aqueous phase chemical reactions which consume ozone in the aqueous phase.Calculations reveal that the reaction O₃+OH→HO₂ is the main pathway of ozone depletion in gas phase during the process of cumulus clouds.  相似文献   

气象因素对大气降水中有机酸浓度的影响     

徐刚  李心清  黄荣生  黄代宽  程红光 《地球化学》2008,37(5)

低分子有机酸是对流层大气的重要组成成分,采用离子色谱法测定了贵阳市大气降水中的有机酸浓度.结果表明,气象因素是影响贵阳市大气降水中有机酸浓度的重要因素.其中,降雨系统对雨水中有机酸浓度的影响显著.大气有机酸主要是在降雨初期进入降水并被清除的,降雨初期对大气有机酸的清除量占总清除量的50%-70%.随着降雨的进行,雨水中的有机酸浓度逐渐降低,降雨后期略有升高,大降雨量对雨水中有机酸浓度起稀释的作用.雷雨和台风雨中有机酸浓度明显偏低,降雪中有机酸浓度也远远低于雨水中有机酸浓度,暗示贵阳市雨水中有机酸主要是在云下过程进入降水的.天气因素是通过影响大气中有机酸浓度进而影响雨水中有机酸浓度的,如气温对雨水中有机酸浓度的影响远没有降雨量明显.不同来源气团雨水中有机酸浓度明显不同,其中以北面方向气团降水中有机酸浓度最高,与我国内陆大气污染较重有关,而源于海洋方向的东南气团雨水中有机酸浓度最低.  相似文献   

Effect of Cd, Pb stress on the activated oxygen scavenging system in tobacco leaves   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

严重玲  洪业汤等 《中国地球化学学报》1998,17(4):372-378

The effect of Cd,Pb stress on the activated oxygen scavenging system indicates that the content of chlorophyll.chlorophyll a/b ratio and the activity of CAT gradually decrease,the activity of SOD increases first and then decreases,and the activity of POd Gradually in creases with incrasing concentrations of Cd and Pb,Between Cd and Pb there is synergism in the Activated oxygen scavenging system.The results show that the stress of Cd and Pb can affect the scavenging system of activated oxygen and result in imbalance of activated oxygen metabolism.  相似文献   

Temporal variations of dissolved and particulate Th at a coastal station of the northern Adriatic Sea     

O. Radakovitch  M. Frignani  S. Giuliani  R. Montanari 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2003,58(4):813-824

Water–particle interactions, particle behaviour and short-time scale variability were assessed at a coastal station adjacent to the Emilia Romagna Region (Adriatic Sea) using dissolved and particulate ²³⁴Th analyses. The water column was sampled six times between March and September 1997. Measurements showed that ²³⁴Th is actively scavenged by particles but the dissolved fraction is always prevalent. Changes in hydrological conditions affect to some degree thorium activities and residence times. Dissolved thorium inventories slowly increased from May to July, then decreased in August, and increased again in September. In July, the formation of a sharp pycnocline associated with low productivity led to high dissolved and very low particulate ²³⁴Th activities due to inefficient scavenging. The presence of mucilaginous aggregates, observed in both August and September, may have played a role in scavenging of thorium. In September at 16 m depth, the highest ²³⁴Th particulate activity of the study period was measured, probably due to the presence of mucilage. However, the thorium deficit was scarce, due to the small sinking velocity of these aggregates. Both steady-state and non-steady state models were used to calculate residence times for the whole water column and its topmost part (10 m) obtaining strictly comparable results. Residence times in the whole water column are small, ranging from 15 to 45 and from 0.5 to 24 d for dissolved and particulate thorium, respectively.  相似文献   

Anomalous Large Scavenging of 230Th and 231Pa Controlled by Particle Composition in the Northwestern North Pacific     

Hisashi Narita  Ryota Abe  Kazuhisa Tate  Young-Ill Kim  Koh Harada  Shizuo Tsunogai 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(5):739-750

We report the role of particle composition and lateral particle movement that influences the oceanic distribution of ²³¹Pa and ²³⁰Th. Settling particles were collected during sediment trap experiments. These and surface sediments were obtained from five stations along 38 to 44°N in the northwestern North Pacific. The high total mass flux and seasonal variations in the marginal area of the western North Pacific are controlled by the supply of lithogenic materials and primary productivity. The high content of the lithogenic material in the settling particles in this area contributes to ²³⁰Th_ex fluxes that exceed the local rate of supply. The lithogenic materials are important as a carrier of ²³⁰Th and contribute to the fractionation between ²³⁰Th and ²³¹Pa in the ocean, as the ²³¹Pa_ex/²³⁰Th_ex ratio in the settling particles decreases with increasing ²³²Th concentration. The ²³¹Pa_ex/²³⁰Th_ex ratio in the settling particles collected in the abyssal basin decreases with water depth, which indicates that lateral transport of the lithogenic particles from the marginal area and/or shallower depth plays an important role in determining the ²³¹Pa_ex/²³⁰Th_ex ratio in a population of settling particles and remineralization. This indicates that lateral redistribution of particles and sediment focusing influence the ²³¹Pa_ex/²³⁰Th_ex ratios in surface sediments. Thus, the observations reported here mean that the use of the sediment ²³¹Pa_ex/²³⁰Th_ex ratio as a paleoproductivity proxy will be problematic in the northwestern North Pacific. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献