Thermohaline finestructure observed near the northern Philippine coast     

王凡  李元龙 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2012,30(6):1033-1044

Using hydrographic measurements from three recent surveys in the western tropical Pacific, this study revealed the existence and general features of thermohaline finestructure near the northern Philippine coast. Pronounced finestructures were detected in the layers of the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW) and the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) during all three cruises and shown to be mainly thermohaline intrusions. Characteristics of the intrusions were further investigated with spiciness curvature and salinity anomaly methods. The vertical scale of the intrusions was 20-50m and 50-100m in the NPTW and NPIW layers, respectively. Within the NPTW layer, the Turner angle distribution and correlation between salinity and density anomalies suggested that diffusive convection between surface fresh water and subsurface saline water played an important role in the development and maintenance of the intrusions. In addition, connection between thermohaline finestructure and larger-scale oceanic processes was explored using historical hydrographic data. The results reveal that the salinity field and the distribution of the intrusions in this region were largely determined by mesoscale eddies. As a result of eddy stirring, both isopycnal and diapycnal temperature/salinity gradients were strengthened, which gave rise to the development of thermohaline intrusions. The intrusions acted to enhance heat and salt fluxes and resulted in the mixing of water masses being more efficient. By linking mesoscale eddy stirring to micro-scale diffusion, thermohaline finestructure plays a vital role in the ocean energy cascade and water mass conversion in the northern Philippine Sea.  相似文献   

Optimal nonlinear excitation of decadal variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation     

祖子清  穆穆 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2013,31(6):1368-1374

Nonlinear development of salinity perturbations in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation （THC） is investigated with a three-dimensional ocean circulation model, using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation method. The results show two types of optimal initial perturbations of sea surface salinity, one associated with freshwater and the other with salinity. Both types of perturbations excite decadal variability of the THC. Under the same amplitude of initial perturbation, the decadal variation induced by the freshwater perturbation is much stronger than that by the salinity perturbation, suggesting that the THC is more sensitive to freshwater than salinity perturbation. As the amplitude of initial perturbation increases, the decadal variations become stronger for both perturbations. For salinity perturbations, recovery time of the THC to return to steady state gradually saturates with increasing amplitude, whereas this recovery time increases remarkably for freshwater perturbations. A nonlinear （advective） feedback between density and velocity anomalies is proposed to explain these characteristics of decadal variability excitation. The results are consistent with previous ones from simple box models, and highlight the importance of nonlinear feedback in decadal THC variability.  相似文献   

古尔班通古特沙漠春季土壤含水量空间格局          下载免费PDF全文

秦艳芳  陈曦  周可法  孙莉  张捷斌  Patrick Klenk 《干旱区地理》2013,36(6):1041-1048

春季积雪融水是古尔班通古特沙漠土壤水分的重要补给源之一,为早春植物的萌发和生长创造了有利的条件。为掌握该地区春季沙丘的土壤水分分布状况,采用探地雷达测量技术,于2010年4月进行了多次野外测量,并通过对地面直达波信号的提取和分析,初步获得了一致的测量结果。结果表明：（1）探地雷达地面直达波测量的土壤平均含水量与20 cm深同步TDR的测量结果非常接近,两者总体相差在0.02 cm3/cm3以内,充分反映了GPR地面直达波测量结果的有效性和精确性;（2）春季积雪完全融化后,沙丘/沙垄顶部土壤水分明显低于垄间低地,这与前人的研究一致,反映了积雪和冻土层在消融过程中,沙丘表面融水在坡面重力作用下,沿难以透水的冻土层上界自坡上向坡下迁移,形成了垄间最高、坡部次之和垄顶最少的分布格局;（3）垄间低地的土壤水分明显受到低矮灌草丛的影响进行再分布,这是由于积雪最初沿植丛基部开始消融,并以植丛为中心形成漏斗状融洞,从而形成以植丛为中心汇集较多融雪水的格局,而垄间低地中较为高大的梭梭乔木对融雪水的再分布影响明显不如低矮的灌草丛,这与其地表茎基过少有关。此外,探地雷达测量实验提供了详实可靠的表层土壤含水量分布信息,可为荒漠生态系统的空间尺度研究提供真实可靠的数据基础。  相似文献   

Indications for bottom current activity since Eocene times: The climate and ocean gateway archive of the Transkei Basin, South Africa     

Philip Schlüter  Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben 《Global and Planetary Change》2008,60(3-4):416-428

The Transkei Basin deposits document the sediment transport around South Africa and, hence, reveal details of palaeocurrent activity of this region for the past 36 my. Thermohaline driven water masses like the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), which are part of the global conveyor belt and the main motor for the heat transfer worldwide, have to pass the southern tip of Africa. A large amount of their sedimentary freight is deposited in the submarine Transkei Basin. By the investigation of high resolution seismic reflection data from central Transkei Basin sediments, we reconstructed depocentres and interface outlines for five different time slices since Cretaceous times. Since at least Late Eocene times, we observe an increasing activity of proto-AABW and later proto-NADW in the Transkei Basin. The current's settings were recurrently modified by various large scale global events, like the opening of the Drake Passage Gateway and the Tasman Gateway ( 34 Ma), respectively, or the closure of the Panama Isthmus ( 3 Ma). The investigations reveal a strong influence of global tectonic and climatic events on NADW and (proto-) AABW and their influence on Transkei Basin deposition.  相似文献   

The effect of gateways on ocean circulation patterns in the Cenozoic   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anna von der Heydt  Henk A. Dijkstra 《Global and Planetary Change》2008,62(1-2):132-146

Both geological data and climate model studies indicate that substantially different patterns of the global ocean circulation have existed throughout the Cenozoic. In a climate model study of the late Oligocene [von der Heydt, A., Dijkstra, H.A. (2006). Effect of ocean gateways on the global ocean circulation in the late Oligocene and early Miocene. Paleoceanography, 21, PA1011] a “northern sinking” type of circulation was found, with (shallow) deep water formation in both the North Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean. This is in contrast to the present-day “conveyor” circulation, where there is deep water formation in the North Atlantic but not in the North Pacific. In order to explain these differences, we use an ocean general circulation model for idealized two-basin flows and study the effect of asymmetries in the continental geometry on the circulation patterns. Two types of asymmetry are considered: (i) the relative northward extent of the Pacific and the Atlantic basin, and (ii) the existence of a circum-global gateway at low latitudes. The more northward extent of the Pacific basin in the Oligocene makes the Conveyor solution less likely and facilitates deep water formation in the North Pacific compared to the North Atlantic. The low-latitude gateway on the other hand, allows salinity and heat exchange between the two main ocean basins and therefore leads to deep water formation in both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific.  相似文献   

放电后电荷重置对雷暴云电荷结构及闪电行为的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

夏艳羚  谭涌波  向春燕  马肖  张鑫 《气候与环境研究》2017,22(4):487-498

为探究放电后电荷重置对雷暴云电过程的影响,在已有的三维雷暴云起、放电模式中分别加入两种不同的电荷重置方案:一种是植入法即放电后闪电通道上的感应电荷与原空间电荷叠加(简称ZR方案);另一种是中和法即放电后直接按一定比例降低闪电通道处的空间电荷浓度(简称ZH方案)。利用长春一次探空个例进行敏感性试验,发现放电后重置方式的不同会导致闪电特征存在明显差异:1)ZR方案下的云闪发生率比ZH方案下的云闪发生率少。闪电放电后ZR方案在云中植入异极性电荷,对雷暴云中电荷的中和量比ZH方案多,摧毁云中电场的能力更强;2)ZR方案下的正、负地闪发生率均比ZH方案多。相对于ZH方案,ZR方案中主正电荷区的分布范围大于主负电荷区,导致其出现了更多的正地闪;ZR方案中的云顶屏蔽层与主正电荷区的混合程度高,混合时间长,导致ZR方案在主正电荷区与主负电荷区之间触发了更多的负地闪;3)ZR方案下的闪电通道长度比ZH方案下的闪电通道长度短。ZR方案在云中植入异极性电荷,导致云中难以形成大范围同极性电荷堆,闪电通道传播局限在一对较小的异极性电荷堆内,而ZH方案不改变云中电荷分布,存在大范围同极性电荷堆,闪电通道传播范围较大。  相似文献   

Thermohaline intrusions in the thermocline of the western tropical Pacific Ocean     

LI Yuanlong  WANG Fan 《海洋学报(英文版)》2013,32(7):47-56

The existing high-resolution hydrographic data in the western tropical Pacilit; Ocean are used to explore the spatial distribution and primary characteristics of thermohaline intrusions in the thermocline. Statistics show that the vertical scales of intrusions are 20-40 m in the upper thermocline （22.0-26.0δ0） and 40-80 m in the lower thermocline （26.0-27.2δ0）. In the upper thermocline, the most intensive intrusions exist at the equatorial front （EF） where north/sonth Pacilic water masses converge, anti Ihe westward spreading of the north Pacilic tropical waler （NPTW） in the Philippines Sea also produces patches of intrusions surrounding its high-salinity tongue. In the lower thermocline, intrusions are also strong at the tropical front （TF） which is the boundary between the north Pacilic subtropical/tropical waters. At the bottom of the thermocline （at about 27.0δ0）, intrusions mainly exist near the western boundary, which are produced by intermediate water convergence through the advection of subthermocline western boundary Ilows. Most strikingly a ＂C＂-shape distribution of intrusions at around 26.4δ0 is revealed, covering the vicinity of the EF the TE and the Mindanao Current （MC）, i.e., tile western boundary pathway ol the norlh Pacilic subtrnpical cell （STC）. Synoptic section analysis reveals that intrusions are more prominent on the warm/sally flank ot the fronts, implying more cross-front tongues of cold/fresh water. Among the intrusions, those at the EF are of best lateral coherence which implies a unique driving mechanism involving near-inertial velocity perturbations near the equator.  相似文献   

Variation Features of the Mindanao Eddy from Argo Data     

《大气与海洋》2012,50(4):103-115

Based on monthly mean Argo profiler float data from 2004 to 2008 and monthly mean sea surface height and current velocity data from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis for the period 1958–2007, the three-dimensional structure of the Mindanao Eddy (ME), its seasonal and interannual variability, and its impact on the thermohaline structure are analyzed. In addition, the displacement of the ME centre and its relation to ocean circulations are also discussed. The results showed that the ME spreads vertically from about 600 db depth upward to about 40 db depth. In addition to its strong seasonal variation, the strength of the ME displays strong interannual variability resulting from the interannual variability in the North Equatorial Current (NEC), the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) and the Mindanao Current (MC). The meridional movement of the centre of the ME has strong seasonal and interannual variability, and the zonal movement has a strong seasonal variation. The meridional movement is associated with the meridional displacement of the interface between the NECC and the NEC, whereas the zonal movement is associated with the zonal displacement of the interface between the MC and the northward branch of the NECC. The ME variability can greatly affect the pattern of the thermohaline structure in the local upper ocean. When the eddy is strong, the cold and low salinity water within it moves vigorously upward from the deep layer; the thermocline shoals significantly; the subsurface high salinity water shows a large decrease; and the upper mixed layer becomes thinner, and vice versa.

RÉSUMÉ?[Traduit par la rédaction] En nous basant sur les données mensuelles moyennes des flotteurs profileurs Argo pour la période de 2004 à 2008 et sur les données mensuelles moyennes de hauteur de la surface de la mer et de vitesses vectorielles du courant fournies par les réanalyses SODA (Simple Ocean Data Assimilation) pour la période de 1958 à 2007, nous analysons la structure tridimensionnelle du remous de Mindanao, sa variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle et son impact sur la structure thermohaline. De plus, nous discutons du déplacement du centre du remous de Mindanao et de sa relation avec les circulations océaniques. Les résultats ont montré que le remous s'étend verticalement vers le haut à partir d'une profondeur de 600 db jusqu’à une profondeur d'environ 40 db. En plus de sa forte variabilité saisonnière, la force du remous de Mindanao affiche une forte variabilité interannuelle résultant de la variabilité interannuelle dans le courant nord-équatorial (NEC), le contre-courant nord-équatorial (NECC) et le courant de Mindanao (MC). Le mouvement méridien du centre du centre du remous de Mindanao affiche une forte variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle et le mouvement zonal possède une forte variabilité saisonnière. Le mouvement méridien est lié au déplacement méridien de l'interface entre le NECC et le NEC alors que le mouvement zonal est lié au déplacement zonal de l'interface entre le MC et le bras allant vers le nord du NECC. La variabilité du remous de Mindanao peut grandement modifier la configuration de la structure thermohaline dans les couches supérieures locales de l'océan. Quand le remous est fort, l'eau froide et de faible salinité qu'il renferme se déplace vigoureusement vers le haut à partir de la couche profonde; la thermocline s'élève de façon marquée; les eaux de subsurface de forte salinité affichent une diminution importante; et la couche de mélange supérieure devient plus mince, et inversement.  相似文献   

Partial frequency redistribution of polarized radiation     

H. Frisch 《Solar physics》1996,164(1-2):49-66

Resonance polarization, which is created by the scattering of an anisotropic radiation field in regions of zero or weak magnetic fields, is strongly dependent on the frequency redistribution taking place during the scatterings. Here we discuss the frequency redistribution matrix relevant to resonance lines, concentrating on linear polarization. First we analyze in detail the redistribution matrix in a zero magnetic field given by the theory of Omont, Smith and Cooper (1972), revisited by Domke and Hubeny (1988). We explain that the linear polarization maxima which may appear in the wings of the Stokes Q profiles of strong resonances lines such as the Ca I 4227 Å line are coherent frequency redistribution effects. Various approximate forms of the frequency redistribution matrix are also examined. For resonance polarization in a weak magnetic field, we suggest a new expression for the redistribution matrix which can be used at all line frequencies, and is consistent with the condition that the Hanle effect acts only in the line core.  相似文献   

孟加拉湾深海记录中的等深流活动特征及其环境意义初探   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

方念乔  陈萍等 《地球科学》2002,27(5):570-575

实地观测和对沉积记录的研究表明，孟加拉湾存在大的等深流活动。通过采自孟加拉深海东部和中部的3支活塞岩心的学积学研究表明，那些氧化色彩强烈，钼质生物壳体溶蚀严重，不存在粒序层理的粉砂质薄层实际上是等沉积作用的产物，源自两极的等深流是全球温盐循环系统的关键组分，它们的过去150ka的历史中曾经多次得到强化，不仅对研究区的环境变化产生重要影响，而且可能作为纽带，加强了低纬地区与极区在气候意义上的遥相关，等深流的强化与冰川旋顺之间似乎不存在密切关联，氧同位素第3，4，5期内均可发现明显的强化记录，关于强化的控制机制有待深入探讨。  相似文献