利用ARGO资料改进海洋资料同化和海洋模式中的物理过程   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

张人禾  刘益民  殷永红  史历 《气象学报》2004,62(5):613-622

国际ARGO计划的实施每年将可提供多达 10万个剖面 (0～ 2 0 0 0m水深 )的海水温度和盐度资料 ,这些资料的获取无疑将会大大促进海洋和大气科学的发展 ,使人们加深对海洋过程的了解 ,揭示海 气相互作用的机理 ,为长期天气预报和短期气候预测提供模式初始场 ,提高长期天气预报和短期气候预测的能力。如何利用这些资料开展研究工作以及在实际业务中应用这些资料是目前大气和海洋科学界的一个前沿课题。本研究将ARGO浮标资料引入了国家气候中心的NCC GODAS同化系统 ,结果分析表明 ,同化ARGO资料后所得到的海温场在三大洋中不仅在温度数值的大小 ,而且在分布形式方面都与观测场具有较好的一致性 ,可以很好地反映出观测到的冬季和夏季海温的分布形式以及海温的季节变化特征和异常特征。本研究还应用最新的ARGO海洋观测资料 ,通过建立新的热带西太平洋次表层海温参数化方案 ,改进了Zebiak Cane(1987)海洋模式 (ZC模式 ) ,克服了ZC模式几乎没有模拟赤道西太平洋表层和次表层海温变化能力的缺陷。在ZC模式中引用新的次表层海温参数化方案后 ,在赤道西太平洋不仅次表层海温的模拟得到了改善 ,对海面温度异常的模拟也有了较大的改进 ,不仅模拟出了赤道西太平洋表层和次表层海温异常的年际变化特征 ,也模拟出了与观  相似文献   

基于强度折减概念的滑坡稳定性三维分析方法(Ⅱ):加固安全系数计算   总被引：13，自引：5，他引：13  

邓建辉  张嘉翔  闵弘  梅松华 《岩土力学》2004,25(6):871-875

结合乌江洪家渡1#塌滑体加固设计工程,探讨了滑动面已知的条件下滑坡稳定性的三维分析方法。首先,模拟了塌滑体在天然状态下处于极限平衡状态时的滑动方向,并使用其应力成果计算了塌滑体的三维安全系数;其次,建议了基于强度折减概念的三维加固安全系数计算方法:最后,提出了加固设计的进一步优化方案。计算结果表明,塌滑体的滑动方向与局部地形等高线近于垂直。主滑方向变化较大,自后缘的NE15°方向逐步过渡到中部的NS向,最终过渡到前缘的NE30°方向,以致很难作出能表征主滑方向的地质剖面。基于应力计算成果的安全系数计算公式不能充分考虑滑坡体的抗滑潜能,也不能充分反映滑坡体的滑动方向,安全系数偏大。基于强度折减概念的三维加固安全系数计算方法具有有限元等方法的优点,较好地克服了上述局限性,可以合理地评价加固后的滑坡稳定性。  相似文献   

A Physical and Numerical Investigation on the Stability of Shallow Tunnels in Strain Softening Media   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

D. Sterpi  A. Cividini 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2004,37(4):277-298

Summary The behaviour up to failure of shallow underground openings is discussed on the basis of some laboratory, small-scale model tests and of finite element simulation. The experimental results are first illustrated. They were obtained from two-dimensional (plane strain) and three-dimensional tunnel models tested under standard gravity conditions. Then, the phenomenon of strain localisation that characterizes the medium surrounding the model tunnels is discussed, recalling two alternative approaches for its numerical interpretation. On this basis, a finite element procedure for strain softening analyses is outlined and applied to the simulation of the tests in both two- and three-dimensional conditions. The comparison between experimental and numerical results leads to some conclusions on the influence of strain localisation on the overall behaviour of shallow tunnels and on the stability of their headings.  相似文献   

Silica-rich Melts in Quartz Xenoliths from Vulcano Island and their Bearing on Processes of Crustal Anatexis and Crust-Magma Interaction beneath the Aeolian Arc, Southern Italy     

FREZZOTTI  MARIA-LUCE; PECCERILLO  ANGELO; ZANON  VITTORIO; NIKOGOSIAN  IGOR 《Journal of Petrology》2004,45(1):3-26

Quartz-rich xenoliths in lavas and pyroclastic rocks from VulcanoIsland, part of the Aeolian arc, Italy, contain silicic meltinclusions with high SiO₂ (73–80 wt %) and K₂O (3–6wt %) contents. Two types of inclusions can be distinguishedbased on their time of entrapment and incompatible trace element(ITE) concentrations. One type (late, ITE-enriched inclusions)has trace element characteristics that resemble those of themetamorphic rocks of the Calabro-Peloritano basement of theadjacent mainland. Other inclusions (early, ITE-depleted) havevariable Ba, Rb, Sr and Cs, and low Nb, Zr and rare earth element(REE) contents. Their REE patterns are unfractionated, witha marked positive Eu anomaly. Geochemical modelling suggeststhat the ITE-depleted inclusions cannot be derived from equilibriummelting of Calabro-Peloritano metamorphic rocks. ITE-enrichedinclusions can be modelled by large degrees (>80%) of meltingof basement gneisses and schists, leaving a quartz-rich residuerepresented by the quartz-rich xenoliths. Glass inclusions inquartz-rich xenoliths represent potential contaminants of Aeolianarc magmas. Interaction between calc-alkaline magmas and crustalanatectic melts with a composition similar to the analysed inclusionsmay generate significant enrichment in potassium in the magmas.However, ITE contents of the melt inclusions are comparablewith or lower than those of Vulcano calc-alkaline and potassicrocks. This precludes the possibility that potassic magmas inthe Aeolian arc may originate from calc-alkaline parents throughdifferent degrees of incorporation of crustal melts. KEY WORDS: melt inclusions; crustal anatexis; magma assimilation; xenoliths; Vulcano Island  相似文献   

Petrogenesis of Tertiary Continental Intra-plate Lavas from the Westerwald Region, Germany   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

HAASE  KARSTEN M.; GOLDSCHMIDT  BJORN; GARBE-SCHONBERG  C.-DIETER 《Journal of Petrology》2004,45(5):883-905

Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Westerwald region range frombasanites and alkali basalts to trachytes, whereas lavas fromthe margin of the Vogelsberg volcanic field consist of morealkaline basanites and alkali basalts. Heavy rare earth elementfractionation indicates that the primitive Westerwald magmasprobably represent melts of garnet peridotite. The Vogelsbergmelts formed in the spinel–garnet peridotite transitionregion with residual amphibole for some magmas suggesting meltingof relatively cold mantle. Assimilation of lower-crustal rocksand fractional crystallization altered the composition of lavasfrom the Westerwald and Vogelsberg region significantly. Thecontaminating lower crust beneath the Rhenish Massif has a differentisotopic composition from the lower continental crust beneaththe Hessian Depression and Vogelsberg, implying a compositionalboundary between the two crustal domains. The mantle sourceof the lavas from the Rhenish Massif has higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pband ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr than the mantle source beneath the Vogelsbergand Hessian Depression. The 30–20 Ma volcanism of theWesterwald apparently had the same mantle source as the QuaternaryEifel lavas, suggesting that the magmas probably formed in apulsing mantle plume with a maximum excess temperature of 100°Cbeneath the Rhenish Massif. The relatively shallow melting ofamphibole-bearing peridotite beneath the Vogelsberg and HessianDepression may indicate an origin from a metasomatized portionof the thermal boundary layer. KEY WORDS: continental rift volcanism; basanites; trachytes; assimilation; fractional crystallization; partial melting  相似文献   

Particularités de la contamination crustale des phonolites : exemple du Velay oriental (Massif central)     

Jean-Marie Dautria  Jean-Michel Liotard  Danièle Briot 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(11):971-981

Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of one trachyte, eight phonolites and five basalts have been measured. The isotopic characteristics of the trachyte can be explained by a combined assimilation–fractional crystallization process within an upper crustal magmatic chamber. Some phonolites display isotopic signatures identical to basalts, suggesting that they have been protected against any crustal assimilation during their formation. Some others have low Sr contents, whereas they are enriched in radiogenic Sr (0.70451<⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i<0.71192), and display basaltic ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios. Both observations could be explained by very strong alkali feldspar fractionation and by subsequent very low assimilation of surrounding rocks (between 0.3 and 4%) during intrusion. To cite this article: J.-M. Dautria et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).  相似文献   

Methods for Setting up a Three-Dimensional Industrial Surveying System of “Building Blocks Type”     

FENG Wenhao 《地球空间信息科学学报》2004,(3)

1　Methodsfororientatinginitialdirec tioninindustrialsurveyDifferentfromconventionalengineeringsurvey,thedistancebetweenthetwoangle measurementdevicesinindustrialsurveyisnomorethantenmeters.Theaccu racyforthemeasurementofobjectpointsisrequiredtobebetween± ( 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5～ 0 .2 0 )mm ,sotheaccu racyfortheorientationoftheinitialdirectionoughttobehigh .Theexistingmethodsfororientatingtheinitialdirectionbetweenthetwoangle measurementdevicesincludemethodofusinginnertarget,collimatormethod,metho…  相似文献   

The Application of ARGO Data to the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Operational System of NCC   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11       下载免费PDF全文

LIU Yimin  ZHANG Renhe  YIN Yonghong  NIU Tao 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2005,19(3):355-365

1. Introduction It is well-known that the state of ocean plays very important role in the climate change. But there is a paucity of the ocean observation data. The data distri- bution in the space, time and different components is very inhomogeneous, even in some areas, there are no any observation data. Hence, it brings some diffcul- ties to the scientists to study many problems relevant to ocean. This situation has been being changed since ARGO (Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanogra-…  相似文献   

Establishment of apparent quantum yield and maximum ecosystem assimilation on Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem     

XU Lingling  ZHANG Xianzhou  SHI Peili  YU Guirui 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(Z1)

The alpine meadow is widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau with an area of about 1.2×106kn2. Damxung County, located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, is the place covered with this typical vegetation. An open-path eddy covariance system was set up in Damxung rangeland station to measure the carbon flux of alpine meadow from July to October,2003. The continuous carbon flux data were used to analyze the relationship between net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), as well as the seasonal patterns of apparent quantum yield (α) and maximum ecosystem assimilation (Pmax).Results showed that the daytime NEE fitted fairly well with the PAR in a rectangular hyperbola function, with α declining in the order of peak growth period (0.0244 μmolCO2 · μmol-1pAR) ＞early growth period ＞ seed maturing period ＞ withering period (0.0098 μmolCO2 · μmol-1pAR).The Pmax did not change greatly during the first three periods, with an average of 0.433mgCO2· m-2· s-1, i.e. 9.829 μmolCO2· m-2· s-1. However, during the withering period, Pmax was only 0.35 mgCO2 · m-2 · s-1, i.e. 7.945 μmolCO2 · m-2 · s-1. Compared with other grassland ecosystems, the α of the Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem was much lower.  相似文献   

Data assimilation (4D-VAR) to forecast flood in shallow-waters with sediment erosion     

Eric Blanger  Alain Vincent 《Journal of Hydrology》2005,300(1-4):114-125

In this paper, the four-dimensional variational data assimilation technique (4D-VAR) is presented as a tool to forecast floods. Our study is limited to purely hydrological flows and supposes that the weather, here a big rain, has been already forecasted by meteorological services. The technique consists in minimizing, in the sense of Lagrange, the cost function: a measure of the difference between calculated data and available observations, here the water level. This is done under constraints that are the equations of the physical model. In our case, we modified the shallow-water equations to include a simplified sediment transport model. The steepest descent algorithm is then used to find the minimum. This is made possible because we can compute analytically the gradient of the cost function by using the adjoint equations of the model. As an application of the 4D-VAR technique, the overflowing of the Chicoutimi River at the Chute-Garneau dam, during the 1996 flood, is investigated. It is found that the 4D-VAR method reduces the error in the water height forecast even when the erosion model is not activated. In terms of Lyapunov exponents, we estimate the predictability horizon of such an event to be about half-an-hour after a big rain. However, this limit of predictability can be increased by using more observations or by using a finer computational grid.  相似文献