Spatially weighted supervised classification for remote sensing     

Peter M. Atkinson   《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2004,5(4):277-291

A simple approach for incorporating a spatial weighting into a supervised classifier for remote sensing applications is presented. The classifier modifies the feature-space distance-based metric with a spatial weighting. This is facilitated by the use of a non-parametric (k-nearest neighbour, k-NN) classifier in which the spatial location of each pixel in the training data set is known and available for analysis. A remotely sensed image was simulated using a combined Boolean and geostatistical unconditional simulation approach. This simulated image comprised four wavebands and represented three classes: Managed Grassland, Woodland and Rough Grassland. This image was then used to evaluate the spatially weighted classifier. The latter resulted in modest increase in the accuracy of classification over the original k-NN approach. Two spatial distance metrics were evaluated: the non-centred covariance and a simple inverse distance weighting. The inverse distance weighting resulted in the greatest increase in accuracy in this case.  相似文献   

水质大涡模拟数学模型研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

张昌兵  熊朝坤  桂林  刘华  莫政宇 《水科学进展》2004,15(4):431-435

建立了基于弱可压缩流基础上的水质大涡模拟数学模型及污染物质扩散系数与平均运动的关系。数值计算采用有限体积法和预测校正法,固壁边界条件采用"部分滑移条件"。并应用该模型对重庆嘉陵江、长江两江交汇段的流场,污染物质浓度分布进行了计算,计算结果与实测值比较吻合。研究表明,横向扩散与流动状态有关,当支流流量相对较小时,横向扩散较弱,形成岸边污染带,当支流流量相对较大时,横向扩散较强,污染带向江心移动。  相似文献   

The neoliberalization of ecosystem services: wetland mitigation banking and problems in environmental governance   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Morgan M. Robertson 《Geoforum》2004,35(3):361-373

Wetland mitigation banking is an American neoliberal environmental policy that has created a functioning market in `ecosystem services', commodities defined using the holistic measures of ecological science. The development of this market is discussed as a project of environmental governance, defined as the nation-state's regulation of ecological relations within its territory towards stabilizing capitalist relations of power and accumulation. I argue that the wetland banking industry serves as a bellwether that presages problems that other strategies of neoliberal environmental governance will experience. Ethnographic, economic and ecological data from the Chicago-area wetland banking industry inform a discussion of two major obstacles to neoliberal strategy: the problem of relying on ecological science to define the unit of trade, and the problem of aligning the somewhat independent relations of law, politics, markets and ecosystems across an array of spatial scales. Theoretical guidance is sought from recent work on `social natures' and from the Regulationist approach to institutional political economics.  相似文献   

基于典型相关分析的变化检测中变化阈值的确定   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11  

盛辉  廖明生  张路 《遥感学报》2004,8(5):451-457

以东营市为例 ,把基于典型相关分析的方法运用于多时相遥感影像的变化检测中。对于变化阈值的确定 ,采用了一种基于贝叶斯理论的最小错误率的方法。这种方法实质上是一种非监督分类的方法 ,即不需要地面实况数据或其它先验知识 ,直接对典型相关处理后的差值图像进行分析计算得到阈值 ,使变化检测的错误率达到最小。实验结果证明了这种方法的有效性。  相似文献   

Estimation of daily stream water temperatures with a Bayesian regression approach          下载免费PDF全文

Mohammad M. Sohrabi  Rohan Benjankar  Daniele Tonina  Seth J. Wenger  Daniel J. Isaak 《水文研究》2017,31(9):1719-1733

Stream water temperature plays a significant role in aquatic ecosystems where it controls many important biological and physical processes. Reliable estimates of water temperature at the daily time step are critical in managing water resources. We developed a parsimonious piecewise Bayesian model for estimating daily stream water temperatures that account for temporal autocorrelation and both linear and nonlinear relationships with air temperature and discharge. The model was tested at 8 climatically different basins of the USA and at 34 sites within the mountainous Boise River Basin (Idaho, USA). The results show that the proposed model is robust with an average root mean square error of 1.25 °C and Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.92 over a 2‐year period. Our approach can be used to predict historic daily stream water temperatures in any location using observed daily stream temperature and regional air temperature data.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional active earth pressure from cohesive backfills with tensile strength cutoff     

Zheng-Wei Li  Tian-Zheng Li  Xiao-Li Yang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(7):942-961

Most of previous analyses on the active earth pressure were performed in two-dimensional cases using the Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) failure function to describe the soil strength. However, all failures of retained slopes indicate a somewhat three-dimensional (3D) feature, and the M-C function is found to overestimate the tensile strength of cohesive soil. In this work, a kinematic limit analysis–based approach is developed for computing the 3D active earth pressure resulting from cohesive backfills. The concept of tensile strength cutoff is adopted to implement the reduction or elimination of tensile strength from the strength envelope. An extended 3D horn failure mechanism that is associated with the modified strength envelope is developed to characterize the collapse of retained slopes. The resultant of active earth pressure is evaluated from the work rate balance equation and expressed as an unfactored coefficient. The obtained results indicate that less support provided by the wall is required when allowing the existence of soil cohesion and 3D effects and that eliminating the tensile strength can observably increase the active earth pressure, especially for the backfill with a great level of cohesion.  相似文献   

Piecewise prediction model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events on the Loess Plateau,China          下载免费PDF全文

Yu Guo‐Qiang  Zhang Mao‐Sheng  Li Zhan‐Bin  Li Peng  Zhang Xia  Cheng Sheng‐Dong 《水文研究》2014,28(21):5322-5336

Establishing a universal watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield prediction model represents a frontier field in erosion and soil/water conservation. The research presented here was conducted on the Chabagou watershed, which is located in the first sub‐region of the hill‐gully area of the Loess Plateau, China. A back‐propagation artificial neural model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield was established, with the accuracy of the model, then compared with that of multiple linear regression. The sensitivity degree of various factors to erosion and sediment yield was quantitatively analysed using the default factor test. On the basis of the sensitive factors and the fractal information dimension, the piecewise prediction model for erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events was established and further verified. The results revealed the back‐propagation artificial neural network model to perform better than the multiple linear regression model in terms of predicting the erosion modulus, with the former able to effectively characterize dynamic changes in sediment yield under comprehensive factor conditions. The sensitivity of runoff erosion power and runoff depth to the erosion and sediment yield associated with individual rainfall events was found to be related to the complexity of surface topography. The characteristics of such a hydrological response are thus closely related to topography. When the fractal information dimension is greater than the topographic threshold, the accuracy of prediction using runoff erosion power is higher than that of using runoff depth. In contrast, when the fractal information dimension is smaller than the topographic threshold, the accuracy of prediction using runoff depth is higher than that of using runoff erosion power. The developed piecewise prediction model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events, which introduces runoff erosion power and runoff depth using the fractal information dimension as a boundary, can be considered feasible and reliable and has a high prediction accuracy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An original semi‐discrete approach to assess gas conductivity of concrete structures          下载免费PDF全文

M. Ezzedine El Dandachy  M. Briffaut  F. Dufour  S. Dal Pont 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2017,41(6):940-956

For civil engineering structures with a tightness role, structural permeability is a key issue. In this context, this paper presents a new proposition of a numerical modelling of leakage rate through a cracked concrete structure undergoing mode I cracking. The mechanical state of the material, considered in the framework of continuum mechanics based on finite element modelling, is described by means of the stress‐based nonlocal damage model which takes into account the stress state and provides realistic local mechanical fields. A semi‐discrete method based on the strong discontinuity approach to estimate crack opening is then considered in the post‐treatment phase. Using a Poiseuille's like relation, the coupling between the mechanical state of the material and its dry gas conductivity is performed. For validation purposes, an original experimental campaign is conducted on a dry concrete disc loaded in a splitting setup. During the loading, gas conductivity and digital image correlation analysis are performed. The comparison with the 3D experimental mechanical global response highlights the performance of the mechanical model. The comparison between crack openings measured by digital image correlation and estimated by the strong discontinuity method shows a good agreement. Finally, the results of the semi‐discrete approach coupled with the gas conductivity compared with experimental data show a good estimation of the structural conductivity. Consequently, if the mechanical problem is well modelled at the global scale, then the proposed approach provides good estimation of gas conductivity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于最大发展潜力值的元胞自动机城市扩张模型     

张梦珂  刘艳芳  何青松 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(3):45-48

在城镇化发展水平及土地开发评价的基础上,评价待扩张区域土地转变潜力分值,基于最大转变潜力分值,提出一种有别于传统元胞自动机模拟城市扩张的新方法。该方法与传统元胞自动机模拟城市扩张相比在迭代方式上存在不同,它克服了传统元胞自动机因阈值设置不同而导致结果不确定的难题。分别将该方法与传统元胞自动机模型应用于武汉主城区,模拟了其2003年到2013年的城市扩张情况,最后,将模拟结果与实际土地利用现状图进行对比发现改进后的新方法在模拟精度上大大提高。  相似文献   

基于地性线分级的DEM信息量计算方法研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张萍  江文萍  邓晓龙  李伟 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(7)

主要对基于DEM提取的地性线进行信息量的定量分析,探讨地性线的信息量与分辨率、地形单元的关系。这个过程中首先利用河网的自相似理论研究与当前DEM所代表的地貌详细程度相适宜的地性线提取的阈值区间,并讨论此阈值下地性线的分级,以此为基础通过以该分级为权重进行DEM地形信息量的计算。实践证明,这种顾及地性线等级的DEM信息量计算方法能较准确地反映地性线的分布规律和不同等级的要素造成的信息量度量差异。  相似文献