全文获取类型
收费全文 | 17001篇 |
免费 | 2151篇 |
国内免费 | 3962篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1936篇 |
大气科学 | 3499篇 |
地球物理 | 2812篇 |
地质学 | 5255篇 |
海洋学 | 1919篇 |
天文学 | 5187篇 |
综合类 | 920篇 |
自然地理 | 1586篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 62篇 |
2023年 | 163篇 |
2022年 | 438篇 |
2021年 | 534篇 |
2020年 | 610篇 |
2019年 | 737篇 |
2018年 | 567篇 |
2017年 | 587篇 |
2016年 | 620篇 |
2015年 | 730篇 |
2014年 | 965篇 |
2013年 | 1143篇 |
2012年 | 1099篇 |
2011年 | 1249篇 |
2010年 | 1163篇 |
2009年 | 1478篇 |
2008年 | 1357篇 |
2007年 | 1367篇 |
2006年 | 1290篇 |
2005年 | 1107篇 |
2004年 | 883篇 |
2003年 | 749篇 |
2002年 | 637篇 |
2001年 | 566篇 |
2000年 | 507篇 |
1999年 | 426篇 |
1998年 | 404篇 |
1997年 | 254篇 |
1996年 | 249篇 |
1995年 | 213篇 |
1994年 | 215篇 |
1993年 | 159篇 |
1992年 | 112篇 |
1991年 | 79篇 |
1990年 | 65篇 |
1989年 | 64篇 |
1988年 | 46篇 |
1987年 | 28篇 |
1986年 | 27篇 |
1985年 | 36篇 |
1984年 | 32篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 18篇 |
1877年 | 1篇 |
1875年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
971.
Natural bedrock rivers flow in self‐formed channels and form diverse erosional morphologies. The parameters that collectively define channel morphology (e.g. width, slope, bed roughness, bedrock exposure, sediment size distribution) all influence river incision rates and dynamically adjust in poorly understood ways to imposed fluid and sediment fluxes. To explore the mechanics of river incision, we conducted laboratory experiments in which the complexities of natural bedrock channels were reduced to a homogenous brittle substrate (sand and cement), a single sediment size primarily transported as bedload, a single erosion mechanism (abrasion) and sediment‐starved transport conditions. We find that patterns of erosion both create and are sensitive functions of the evolving bed topography because of feedbacks between the turbulent flow field, sediment transport and bottom roughness. Abrasion only occurs where sediment impacts the bed, and so positive feedback occurs between the sediment preferentially drawn to topographic lows by gravity and the further erosion of these lows. However, the spatial focusing of erosion results in tortuous flow paths and erosional forms (inner channels, scoops, potholes), which dissipate flow energy. This energy dissipation is a negative feedback that reduces sediment transport capacity, inhibiting further incision and ultimately leading to channel morphologies adjusted to just transport the imposed sediment load. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
972.
Two procedures are developed and implemented in a hybrid simulation system (HSS) with the aim of enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the online, i.e. pseudo‐dynamic, test results. The first procedure aims at correcting the experimental systematic error in executing the displacement command signal. The error is calculated as the difference between command and feedback signals and correlated to the actuator velocity using the least‐squares method. A feed‐forward error compensation scheme is devised leading to a more accurate execution of the test. The second procedure employs mixed variables with mode switching between displacement and force controls. The newly derived force control algorithm is evaluated using a parametric study to assess its stability and accuracy. The implementation of the mixed variables procedure is designed to adopt force control for high stiffness states of the structural response and displacement control otherwise, where the resolution of the involved instruments may favour this type of mixed control. A simple pseudo‐dynamic experiment of steel cantilever members is used to validate the HSS. Moreover, two experiments as application examples for the two developed procedures are presented. The two experiments focus on the seismic response of (a) timber shear walls and (b) reinforced concrete frames with and without unreinforced masonry infill wall. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
973.
Real‐time pseudodynamic (PSD) testing is an experimental technique for evaluating the dynamic behaviour of a complex structure. During the test, when the targeted command displacements are not achieved by the test structure, or a delay in the measured restoring forces from the test structure exists, the reliability of the testing method is impaired. The stability and accuracy of real‐time PSD testing in the presence of amplitude error and a time delay in the restoring force is presented. Systems consisting of an elastic single degree of freedom (SDOF) structure with load‐rate independent and dependent restoring forces are considered. Bode plots are used to assess the effects of amplitude error and a time delay on the steady‐state accuracy of the system. A method called the pseudodelay technique is used to derive the exact solution to the delay differential equation for the critical time delay that causes instability of the system. The solution is expressed in terms of the test structure parameters (mass, damping, stiffness). An error in the restoring force amplitude is shown to degrade the accuracy of a real‐time PSD test but not destabilize the system, while a time delay can lead to instability. Example calculations are performed for determining the critical time delay, and numerical simulations with both a constant delay and variable delay in the restoring force are shown to agree well with the stability limit for the system based on the critical time delay solution. The simulation models are also used to investigate the effects of a time delay in the PSD test of an inelastic SDOF system. The effect of energy dissipation in an inelastic structure increases the limit for the critical time delay, due to the energy removed from the system by the energy dissipation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
974.
Yifei Sun 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(4):359-370
Based on a four-point evaluation system consisting of accuracy, consistency, power, and chance to commit type I errors, this study compares Tango's minimum p (MinP) and Stone's maximum relative risk (MaxRR) methods for detecting focused cluster size through simulations in GIS. It
reveals that the MinP method is more effective than the MaxRR method. The MinP method exhibits higher levels of accuracy and
consistency; and its power and chance to commit type I errors are similar to the MinP method. The MaxRR method has a tendency
to underestimate the cluster size, while the MinP method tends to overestimate the cluster size, particularly when the clusters
are relatively big and have high relative risk levels. In addition, the MinP method seems to be most effective in revealing
the size of clusters when clusters are neither too strong nor too weak. The lowest detection rates for clustering occur when
the clustering signal is relatively weak, which is easily understandable. In practice, it might be useful to use both the
methods to estimate a range of possible cluster sizes, where the MaxRR method indicates the lower estimate, while the MinP
method gives the higher estimate of the cluster size.
Received: 24 August 2002 / Accepted: 20 December 2002 相似文献
975.
Eric J.E. Molin Harmen Oppewal Harry J.P. Timmermans 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(4):343-358
In this paper, two approaches for measuring residential group preferences, based on the method of Hierarchical Information
Integration (HII), are compared. In particular, the hypothesis that group-based preference models estimated from integrated
HII experiments better predict group preferences than part individual-based group models estimated from classical HII experiments
is tested. To that effect, the models' ability to predict group preferences for new residential alternatives is compared in
a study of residential preferences of co-ops. Results indicate that integrated HII group experiments indeed result in better
predictions of residential preferences. 相似文献
976.
Geostatistical incorporation of spatial coordinates into supervised classification of hyperspectral data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. Goovaerts 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(1):99-111
This paper presents a methodology to incorporate both hyperspectral properties and spatial coordinates of pixels in maximum
likelihood classification. Indicator kriging of ground data is used to estimate, for each pixel, the prior probabilities of
occurrence of classes which are then combined with spectral-based probabilities within a Bayesian framework. In the case study
(mapping of in-stream habitats), accounting for spatial coordinates increases the overall producer's accuracy from 85.8% to
93.8%, while the Kappa statistic rises from 0.74 to 0.88. Best results are obtained using only indicator kriging-based probabilities,
with a stunning overall accuracy of 97.2%. Significant improvements are observed for environmentally important units, such
as pools (Kappa: 0.17 to 0.74) and eddy drop zones (Kappa: 0.65 to 0.87). The lack of benefit of using hyperspectral information
in the present study can be explained by the dense network of ground observations and the high spatial continuity of field
classification which might be spurious.
Received: 12 April 2001 / Accepted: 7 September 2001 相似文献
977.
978.
Toward micro-scale spatial modeling of gentrification 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David O'Sullivan 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(3):251-274
A simple preliminary model of gentrification is presented. The model is based on an irregular cellular automaton architecture
drawing on the concept of proximal space, which is well suited to the spatial externalities present in housing markets at
the local scale. The rent gap hypothesis on which the model's cell transition rules are based is discussed. The model's transition
rules are described in detail. Practical difficulties in configuring and initializing the model are described and its typical
behavior reported. Prospects for further development of the model are discussed. The current model structure, while inadequate,
is well suited to further elaboration and the incorporation of other interesting and relevant effects.
Received: 1 November 2001 / Accepted: 12 April 2002
Town centres data were made available by kind permission of the UK Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. 相似文献
979.
影响北京地区的沙尘暴 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
利用1971-1996年的地面气象月报和地面天气图资料,借助地理信息系统,逐次分析了影响北京地区沙尘暴天气过程的演变规律,确定了影响北京地区沙尘暴天气过程的移动路径和源地。结果表明:北京地区沙尘暴主要发生在春季和初夏,以4月为最多。根据沙尘暴的起源,可将影响北京的沙尘暴天气过程分为外源型和内源型两类。沙尘暴的移动路径主要包括北路和西路两条。外源型沙尘暴的入侵地点集中在:1)内蒙古乌兰察布盟和锡林郭勒盟西部的二连浩特市、阿巴嘎旗;2)哈密市以东至内蒙古阿拉善盟的中蒙边境。内源型沙尘暴的起源地主要集中在腾格里沙漠及其周边地区。 相似文献
980.
热带太平洋海气系统内部联系的年代际变化 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和全球海温海冰GISST2.3b资料以及英国CRU提供的南方涛动指数,分析了热带太平洋区域海气系统内部联系的年代际变化特征。结果表明:热带太平洋地区海气年际变化间的相关关系具有显著的年代际变迁;最近50a中,西太平洋地区海温变化与南方涛动的联系存在更为明显的年代际变化,且在IWP与ISO相关关系微弱时,在西太平洋赤道北侧对流层低层,西太平洋海温较暖(冷)时存在反气旋(气旋)环流。这样的高海温-反气旋系统与ENSO时期典型的低海温-反气旋的系统相反,其动力学作用将不利于维持ENSO与西太平洋海温变化间的密切联系。 相似文献