影响海南的热带气旋气候特征及其与ENSO的关系   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11  

吴慧 《气象》2005,31(12):61-64

利用1949～2003年资料,统计了影响和登陆海南热带气旋频数的时空分布特征、初、终期分布,并探讨了ENSO事件对海南省热带气旋的影响和2004年无热带气旋影响海南的原因.指出ENSO事件与海南省热带气旋活动具有显著的相关性,暖事件年有利于影响和登陆热带气旋偏少、初旋偏晚,冷事件年则相反.但ENSO事件与终旋日期相关不显著.  相似文献   

FORMATION AND STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF INITIAL DISTURBANCE OF TYPHOON FUNG-WONG (2008)     

江佳  朱佩君  江洁 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2016,22(1):1-10

The formation of a tropical cyclone is the result of a process in which an initial disturbance evolves into a warm-core low-pressure system; however, the origin of the initial disturbance and the features of the initial fields are overlooked in most existing theories. In this study, based on FY-2C brightness temperature data and the Japan reanalysis dataset, the origin and evolution of the tropical disturbance that became Typhoon Fung-Wong (2008) were examined. The results demonstrated that the initial disturbance emerged within a saddle-type field with large vertical tropospheric wind shear. The vertical wind shear decreased with the adjustment of the upper circulation; moreover, accompanied by convection over the warm section around the upper cold vortex, it provided favorable thermal and dynamic conditions for the development of a tropical vortex. During its development, the zone of associated positive relative vorticity strengthened and descended from the mid-troposphere to lower levels. This rapid strengthening of lower-level vorticity was due to increasing convergence related to the intensification of the pressure gradient southwest of the subtropical high. This indicated that the upper cold vortex and West Pacific subtropical high played very important roles in this case.  相似文献   

西双版纳热带季节雨林细根周转的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

房秋兰  沙丽清 《山地学报》2005,23(4):488-494

研究了季节雨林0~20 cm土层中≤2 mm细根的生物量、分解量、死亡量、生长量和周转率,并比较了0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层细根生物量的差异。结果表明:0~10 cm的细根生物量明显多于10~20 cm的细根生物量;在0~20 cm土层中,季节雨林活细根和死细根生物量分别为5 418 kg.hm-2和707 kg.hm-2;细根生物量的季节变化显著,其中活细根生物量的最大值出现在5月,最小值出现在8月;年分解量、年死亡量、年生长量和年周转率分别为391 kg.hm-2,1 061 kg.hm-2,3 776 kg.hm-2和0.70 times.a-1。  相似文献   

Using TOPMODEL towards identifying and modelling the hydrological patterns within a headwater,humid, tropical catchment     

HELENA MOLIOV  MICHEL GRIMALDI  MIKE BONELL  PIERRE HUBERT 《水文研究》1997,11(9):1169-1196

Increasing pressure on the tropical environment requires a more thorough understanding of hydrological processes as part of reconciling the conflicting demands of economic development vis-à-vis sustainable land management. Using TOPMODEL, a physically based semi-distributed topohydrological model, we test its validity in modelling the stream flow dynamics (hydrograph) in a 1 ha tropical rainforest catchment in French Guiana. Another objective is through field validation of TOPMODEL to ascertain possible runoff generation mechanisms. The field validation of the temporal and spatial hydrodynamics across a rainfall–runoff event reveals that TOPMODEL may be suited for applications to this particular tropical rainforest environment; in fact, this is possibly the first successful application of such a model within the humid tropics. The main reasons why the model was successful are the presumed low hydraulic conductivities of the subsoil, coupled with the absence of an additional deep groundwater body, the contribution from which has caused difficulties in application of topographically, ‘physically’ based runoff models elsewhere in the humid tropics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

ESTIMATING INFILTRATION PARAMETERS FROM BASIC SOIL PROPERTIES     

G. VAN DE GENACHTE  D. MALLANTS  J. RAMOS  J. A. DECKERS  J. FEYEN 《水文研究》1996,10(5):687-701

Infiltration data were collected on two rectangular grids with 25 sampling points each. Both experimental grids were located in tropical rain forest (Guyana), the first in an Arenosol area and the second in a Ferralsol field. Four different infiltration models were evaluated based on their performance in describing the infiltration data. The model parameters were estimated using non-linear optimization techniques. The infiltration behaviour in the Ferralsol was equally well described by the equations of Philip, Green–Ampt, Kostiakov and Horton. For the Arenosol, the equations of Philip, Green–Ampt and Horton were significantly better than the Kostiakov model. Basic soil properties such as textural composition (percentage sand, silt and clay), organic carbon content, dry bulk density, porosity, initial soil water content and root content were also determined for each sampling point of the two grids. The fitted infiltration parameters were then estimated based on other soil properties using multiple regression. Prior to the regression analysis, all predictor variables were transformed to normality. The regression analysis was performed using two information levels. The first information level contained only three texture fractions for the Ferralsol (sand, silt and clay) and four fractions for the Arenosol (coarse, medium and fine sand, and silt and clay). At the first information level the regression models explained up to 60% of the variability of some of the infiltration parameters for the Ferralsol field plot. At the second information level the complete textural analysis was used (nine fractions for the Ferralsol and six for the Arenosol). At the second information level a principal components analysis (PCA) was performed prior to the regression analysis to overcome the problem of multicollinearity among the predictor variables. Regression analysis was then carried out using the orthogonally transformed soil properties as the independent variables. Results for the Ferralsol data show that the parameters of the Green–Ampt and Kostiakov model were estimated relatively accurately (maximum R² = 0.76). For the Arenosol, use of the second information level together with PCA produced regression models with an R² value ranging from 0.38 to 0.68. For the Ferralsol, most of the variance was explained by the root content and organic matter content. In the Arenosol plot, the fractions medium and fine sand explained most of the observed variance.  相似文献   

Eddies and Tropical Instability Waves in the eastern tropical Pacific: A review   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Cynthia S. Willett  Robert R. Leben  Miguel F. Lavín 《Progress in Oceanography》2006,69(2-4):218

Mesoscale eddies and tropical instability waves in the eastern tropical Pacific, first revealed by satellite infrared imagery, play an important role in the dynamics and biology of the region, and in the transfer of mass, energy, heat, and biological constituents from the shelf to the deep ocean and across the equatorial currents.From boreal late autumn to early spring, four to 18 cyclonic or anticyclonic eddies are formed off the coastal region between southern Mexico and Panama. The anticyclonic gyres, which tend to be larger and last longer than the cyclonic ones, are the best studied: they typically are 180–500 km in diameter, depress the pycnocline from 60 to 145 m at the eddy center, have swirl speeds in excess of 1 m s⁻¹, migrate west at velocities ranging from 11 to 19 cm s⁻¹ (with a slight southward component), and maintain a height signature of up to 30 cm. The primary generating agents for these eddies are the strong, intermittent wind jets that blow across the isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico, the lake district in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and the Panama canal. Other proposed eddy-generating mechanisms are the conservation of vorticity as the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) turns north on reaching America, and the instability of coastally trapped waves/currents.Tropical Instability Waves (TIWs) are perturbations in the SST fronts on either side of the equatorial cold tongue. They produce SST variations on the order of 1–2 °C, have periods of 20–40 days, wavelengths of 1000–2000 km, phase speeds of around 0.5 m s⁻¹ and propagate westward both north and south of the Equator. The Tropical Instability Vortices (TIVs) are a train of westward-propagating anticyclonic eddies associated with the TIWs. They exhibit eddy currents exceeding 1.3 m s⁻¹, a westward phase propagation speed between 30 and 40 km d⁻¹, a signature above the pycnocline, and eastward energy propagation. Like the TIWs, they result from the latitudinal barotropically unstable shear between the South Equatorial Current (SEC) and the NECC with a potential secondary source of energy from baroclinic instability of the vertical shear with the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC).This review of mesoscale processes is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.  相似文献   

发展地理学的发展与展望   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

刘小鹏  李伟华  马存霞  程静  苗红  赵小勇 《地理科学》2019,39(12):1946-1954

梳理发展研究和现代地理学的思想与学术轨迹,将发展地理学的发展历程划分为学术思想萌芽期（18~19世纪启蒙运动到20世纪60年代末）、学术思想探索期（20世纪70年代初到90年代末）、学科建设期（21世纪初至今）3个阶段,各阶段特征都集中体现其学术领域的“欠发达”“发展中”“落后”国家和地区以及全球发展的研究主题与学科内涵。基于发展认识论、发展方法论和发展价值观,发展地理学的理论基础主要包括全球发展论、二元性和中心-边缘论、可持续发展理论和人类命运共同体思想等。在元问题的层面,采用在线词云工具提炼出发展地理学主要的研究内容包括发展的发展,殖民、不平等与发展,贫困、生计与发展,商品、贸易与发展,环境与发展等。展望未来,发展中国家和新兴市场2030年可持续发展目标、新型全球化和全球治理的国别差异与区域差异将成为发展地理学联合攻关和综合创新的重点领域;发展地理学的学科建设和人才培养要重视本土化和国际化。  相似文献   

Response based design metocean conditions for a permanently moored FPSO during tropical cyclones: Estimation of greenwater risk     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

Response based analysis (RBA) is used to establish the design metocean conditions (DMCs) of a generic weather-vaning FPSO off the North West Shelf (NWS) of Australia for determining greenwater severity. A vessel heading prediction tool, an essential component of the RBA analysis for weather-vaning vessels, is developed and evaluated by comparing with full-scale measurements from an operating FPSO. Locations at the bow, amidships and the stern of the vessel are found to be susceptible to greenwater risks and the vessel is often exposed to oblique waves during tropical cyclones. Long-term extrapolation is performed to estimate 1 in. N-year return relative wave-vessel motions represented by both the most probable maximum relative wave-vessel motion within a storm r_mp, and the maximum individual relative wave-vessel motion r_Max. It is observed that r_Max ˜ (1.1–1.2) r_mp. The use of r_Max allows for the variability of the short term maxima per storm and also the fact that the peak in response might not come in the most severe sea-state. Given the focus on greenwater rather than wave severity, the slightly larger value of r_Max at a given return period is used for assessment of greenwater risk. The sea-states that lead to r_Max at a 1 in 100 year level are identified and subsequently used for characterising the wave groups causing maximum relative wave-vessel motion at various locations around the vessel. For a given location, the shapes of the wave time histories which give rise to extreme relative wave-vessel motions in a set of design metocean conditions are similar, indicating that a ‘design wave’, derived within the framework of linear wave theory, may be a useful approach to tackle highly nonlinear and complex greenwater overtopping problems.  相似文献   

热带北太平洋西部固氮速率及固氮微生物组成     

张润  张东声  陈敏  江志兵  王春生  郑敏芳  邱雨生  黄杰 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(12):26-34

In the present study, we report N_2 fixation rate(~(15)N isotope tracer assay) and the diazotroph community structure(using the molecular method) in the western tropical North Pacific Ocean(WTNP)(13°–20°N, 120°–160°E). Our independent evidence on the basis of both in situ N_2 fixation activity and diazotroph community structure showed the dominance of unicellular N_2 fixation over majority of the WTNP surface waters during the sampling periods.Moreover, a shift in the diazotrophic composition from unicellular cyanobacteria group B-dominated to Trichodesmium spp.-dominated toward the western boundary current(Kuroshio) was also observed in 2013. We hypothesize that nutrient availability may have played a major role in regulating the biogeography of N_2 fixation.In surface waters, volumetric N_2 fixation rate(calculated by nitrogen) ranged between 0.6 and 2.6 nmol/(L·d) and averaged(1.2±0.5) nmol/(L·d), with 10 μm size fraction contributed predominantly(88%±6%) to the total rate between 135°E and 160°E. Depth-integrated N_2 fixation rate over the upper 200 m ranged between 150 μmol/(m~2·d)and 480 μmol/(m~2·d)(average(225±105) μmol/(m~2·d). N_2 fixation can account for 6.2%±3.7% of the depthintegrated primary production, suggesting that N_2 fixation is a significant N source sustaining new and export production in the WTNP. The role of N_2 fixation in biogeochemical cycling in this climate change-vulnerable region calls for further investigations.  相似文献   

RITC活跃年份的气候特征及个例研究     

邓小花  周群  张润宇  黄焕卿 《海洋预报》2019,36(2):45-56

利用1981—2010年期间的热带气旋实况数据、ERA-Interim逐月和逐日的再分析资料及NOAA提供的向外长波辐射月数据,采用合成分析方法及天气学方法,对强度快速增强气旋活跃年份及不活跃年份的海温条件、向外长波辐射、垂直风切变、100 hPa位势高度距平场及季风槽进行了特征分析,结果表明:(1)RITC活跃年份-不活跃年份的海温距平场多表现为厄尔尼诺特征,即活跃年份的整个赤道中东太平洋海温较不活跃年份明显偏高;(2)RITC活跃年份所对应的赤道大部分地区(140°E以东)向外长波辐射值更低,表明对流活动明显东移;(3)RITC活跃年份的垂直风切变较小区域较不活跃年份总体偏东10～15个经度;(4)RITC活跃年份的南亚高压主体东端出现明显的扩展;(5)RITC活跃年份的季风槽为偏东型,不活跃年份的季风槽则为西北型。同时,对具有代表性的1983年第10号热带气旋"Forrest"的物理量场进行分析后发现:在该气旋强度快速增长阶段,气旋的整个中低层增暖增湿效果明显;表征积云对流发展的大范围的对流有效位温高值区存在于气旋及其周围,尤其是前进方向上;该阶段仍存在较强的垂直风切变,但强度及范围明显变弱、变小;各通道的水汽条件充沛。  相似文献