Water and heat fluxes above a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia     

Satoru Takanashi  Yoshiko Kosugi  Shinjiro Ohkubo  Naoko Matsuo  Makoto Tani  Abdul Rahim Nik 《水文研究》2010,24(4):472-480

We measured the fluxes of sensible and latent heat between a low‐land dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia and the atmosphere. No clear seasonal or interannual changes in latent heat flux were found from 2003 to 2005, while sensible heat flux sometimes fluctuated depending on the fluctuation of incoming radiation between wet and dry seasons. The evapotranspiration rates averaged for the period between 2003 and 2005 were 2·77 and 3·61 mm day^?1 using eddy covariance data without and with an energy balance correction, respectively. Average precipitation was 4·74 mm day^?1. Midday surface conductance decreased with an increasing atmospheric water vapour pressure deficit and thus restricted the excess water loss on sunny days in the dry season. However, the relationship between the surface conductance and vapour pressure deficit did not significantly decline with an increase in volumetric soil water content even during a period of extremely low rainfall. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seasonal variation in cascade‐driven hyporheic exchange,northern Honduras     

Mark W. Fabian  Theodore A. Endreny  Andrea Bottacin‐Busolin  Laura K. Lautz 《水文研究》2011,25(10):1630-1646

A characterization of hyporheic exchange for dry and wet season baseflow, as well as partially dewatered discharge, was done in Prieta Creek, a first‐order cascade in northern Honduras. The cascade had discharges from 1 to 15 l s^?1, had average slopes of 12%, pool spacing of 3 m, and shallow substrate of sand and gravel. Tracer tests were conducted in a 15‐m sub‐reach, a length considered to be adequate for the experiment based on the DaI test, a ratio of exchange and transport processes. In the three tests, between 9 and 18% of tracer was not recovered, possibly due to entrainment in flowpaths passing beneath the downstream monitoring location. Tracer data were analysed by the one‐dimensional transport with inflow and storage (OTIS) transient storage model (TSM) to derive standard exchange parameters, and by the solute transport in rivers (STIR) model to examine hyporheic residence time distributions (RTDs). The best fit of the observed tracer breakthrough curves was obtained by using the STIR model with a combination of two exponential RTDs to represent hyporheic retention. With increasing discharge, the OTIS model predicted increasing storage exchange fluxes and exchange coefficients and decreasing storage zone areas and transient storage times, which are trends supported by riparian and streambed piezometric head data. Riparian water levels rose during the transition from the dry to wet season, which could constrict the hyporheic storage zone. Thirteen of the 19 streambed piezometers recorded seasonal changes in hydraulic gradients and flux direction, with fewer yet stronger upwelling zones during higher discharges. The MODFLOW model missed the observed seasonal changes, possibly due to subtle changes in the seasonal change in water surface profiles. We conclude that partially dewatered dry season exchange, compared to wet season exchange, was initiated and terminated with smaller pressure gradients and, in different streambed locations, was smaller in volume, had longer residence times, and may connect with deeper and longer flow paths. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Cyclone Gonu storm surge in Oman     

Hermann M. Fritz  Christopher D. Blount  Fawzi B. Albusaidi  Ahmed Hamoud Mohammed Al-Harthy 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Super Cyclone Gonu is the strongest tropical cyclone on record in the Arabian Sea. Gonu caused coastal damage due to storm surge and storm wave impact as well as wadi flooding. High water marks, overland flow depths, and inundation distances were measured in the coastal flood zones along the Gulf of Oman from 1 to 4 August 2007. The high water marks peaked at Ras al-Hadd at the eastern tip of Oman exceeding 5 m. The storm surge of Gonu is modeled using the Advanced Circulation Model (ADCIRC). The multi-hazard aspect is analyzed by comparing observations from Cyclone Gonu with the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.  相似文献   

DECADAL VARIABILITY OF SUBSURFACE OCEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY IN TROPICAL PACIFIC AND ITS IMPACT ON CLIMATE OF CHINA     

陈永利  赵永平  王凡  冯俊乔 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2013,19(3):253-263

In this study,we investigate the decadal variability of subsurface ocean temperature anomaly(SOTA)in the tropical Pacific and associated anomalous atmospheric circulation over Asia-North Pacific-North America by analyzing 50 years of atmosphere-ocean data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis project and Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA).Relationship between the ENSO-Like variability and climate of China is also revealed.The results show that the decadal variability of tropical Pacific SOTA has two dominant ENSO-like modes:the primary mode is an ENSO-Like mature phase pattern,and the second mode is associated with the ENSO-like transition(developing or decaying)phase.These two modes consist of a cycle of ENSO-Like variability,which exhibits a quasi-40a fluctuation,superimposed with an oscillation of a 13a period.The ENSO-Like variability in the tropical Pacific influences the atmosphere system at the mid-and higher-latitudes and subtropical regions,resulting in decadal variability of south wind over North China,the East Asian monsoon and climate of China.During the mature phase of El Ni o-Like variability,the anomalous north wind prevails over the north part of China and the East Asian monsoon weakens,with little rain in North China but much rain in the middle-and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River.With El Ni o-Like decaying(La Ni a-Like developing),anomalous northerly wind also prevails over North China,then the East Asian monsoon weakens with drought occurring in North China.The situation during the La Ni a-Like variability is the opposite.The pattern of anomalous climate of China is primarily dominated by the first ENSO-like variability,while the second mode can modulate the contribution of the first one,depending on whether its phase agrees with that of the first mode.The climate shift in China around 1978 and successive occurrence of drought for more than 20 years in North China are primarily induced by the first two ENSO-like variabilities.The latest La Ni a-Like phase starts from 1998 and will presumably end around 2018.It is expected that more rainfall would be in North China and less rainfall would appear in the middle-and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River valley during this period.  相似文献   

中国东部夏季季节内降水异常及其伴随的热带和中高纬度大气环流演变特征     

陆晓娟  房佳蓓  杨修群  胡海波 《气象学报》2022,80(1):1-20

利用1981—2020年夏季(5—8月)CPC(Climate Prediction Center)逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料以及NOAA的向外长波辐射资料,通过经验正交函数(EOF)分解、超前滞后合成等方法,分析了中国东部夏季季节内降水异常的主要模态(即南方型和江淮型降水异常)及其伴随的热带和中高...  相似文献   

粤东北丘陵区末次间冰期红土的特征与气候环境   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李志文  李保生  董玉祥  温小浩  邱世藩  牛东风  欧先交  彭培欣 《地质论评》2010,56(3):355-364

地处华南之粤东北丘陵区的蕉岭红土属粉砂质粘土,形成于末次间冰期。红土的细粘粒含量为12.15%～24.64%(平均值18.46%)、Mz为5.91Φ～7.53Φ(6.72Φ)、概率累积曲线和频率曲线分别呈现以"四段式"和"三峰式"构型;主元素氧化物以SiO2、Al2O3、TFe2O3为主,含量依次为50.10%～53.14%(51.36%)、23.07%～24.44%(24.00%)、10.18%～11.40%(10.77%),其它如CaO、Na2O、MgO、K2O的含量均小于1%。这一趋向于细粉砂分布的粒度特征和脱硅富铝化的化学元素特征说明红土形成于较强的风化—淋溶作用下,硅铝系数(3.49～3.86,平均为3.64)指示多数层位属次强度富铝化。其气候环境,以2μm和1μm颗粒的含量、硅铝系数、CIA值为指标,与我国的南亚热带—北热带一些地点的现代赤红土和砖红土作一详细对比后认为蕉岭红土发育在湿热于现今南亚热带,相似于热带北缘的气候环境之下。这一看法与前人有关同期"大熊猫—剑齿象动物群"指示的古生态的研究结果相吻合。由此表明,末次间冰期的粤东北甚至整个华南地区可能都处在类似现今热带北缘的气候环境之下,其时的热带—亚热带界线向北推移了至少3个纬度。  相似文献   

热带与亚热带遥感：需求、挑战与机遇     

林珲  张鸿生 《遥感学报》2021,25(1):276-291

热带与亚热带拥有大量丰富的自然资源,同时也正在经历着快速的城市化进程,其资源、生态、环境等都面临着前所未有的挑战。同时,热带与亚热带地区存在着大量的自然灾害(如台风、干旱、地震等),威胁着该地区人类经济社会的可持续发展。应用遥感技术对热带与亚热带区域进行全面的监测,对于热带与亚热带区域甚至全球的可持续发展具有重要的意义。然而,由于热带与亚热带特殊的地理条件(如多云多雨等),遥感监测需要克服特殊的技术挑战。本文通过Web of Science核心数据库的7594篇研究论文进行分析,综述了热带与亚热带遥感的研究现状,分别从热带与亚热带遥感的需求、现状、挑战和机遇,通过共被引文献分析和主题词频率分析,建立共被引文献网络和主题词网络,并通过非监督机器学习进行聚类,分别识别出22个共被引文献聚类和6个主题词聚类。通过对这些共被引文献类别和主题词类别的深入分析,本文总结了:(1)热带与亚热带遥感研究的主要监测对象,包括城市地表、热带雨林、红树林、珊瑚、热带草原、生物多样性和自然灾害;(2)热带与亚热带遥感主要采用的遥感技术,包括:遥感数据的选择和使用、遥感数据分析的方法、多云多雨的问题应对以及多源遥感技术。最后,从现代遥感技术的快速发展,本文从8个方面讨论热带与亚热带遥感面临的挑战和未来发展的机遇。  相似文献   

西北太平洋和南海不同时段生成热带气旋频数及其水汽条件的分类   总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

朱伟军  胡瑞卿  徐明 《大气科学学报》2014,37(3):344-353

对1961—2010年南海和西北太平洋不同时段生成热带气旋(tropical cyclone,TC)频数的时空分布及水汽条件对其产生的影响进行了分类研究。结果表明,可以将TC活动划分为活跃期(6—11月)和平静期(上年12—当年5月)两个时段。在TC活跃期和平静期,南海和西北太平洋上TC频数的EOF第一特征向量都表现为一致的增加或减少。活跃期EOF的第二特征向量表现为南海与西北太平洋中西部的TC频数存在相反的变化趋势,平静期EOF的第二特征向量则表现为130°E以西海域的TC频数与130~150°E范围内生成热带气旋存在相反的变化趋势。活跃期和平静期西北太平洋TC的生成频数与水汽通量散度均存在显著的负相关;而在活跃期南海TC频数与水汽通量散度仅在南海中北部有弱的负相关,在平静期南海东部到菲律宾附近海域有显著的负相关。因此,水汽条件的影响使得在活跃期南海和西北太平洋TC高频年中,南海北部和西北太平洋中东部TC频数明显偏多,而平静期高频年中,南海东部以及西北太平洋中西部TC频数明显偏多。  相似文献   

1949—2019 年影响山东的热带气旋时空分布及极端降水和大气环流异常          下载免费PDF全文

欧阳婧怡  黄菲  许士斌  曹倩 《海洋气象学报》2021,41(4):1-10

使用中国气象局热带气旋资料中心的热带气旋最佳路径数据集和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料提供的月平均数据,对北上影响山东的热带气旋（tropical cyclone,TC）及其造成的极端降水进行统计分析,并揭示了有利于 TC北移影响山东的大气环流特征。结果表明：影响山东的 TC主要出现 于 6—9 月,其中盛夏时节（7、8 月）TC对山东影响最大;TC影响山东时,强度主要为台风及以下等 级,或已发生变性;TC会引发山东极端降水事件,TC极端降水多出现在夏秋季（7—9 月）,其中8月的占比最大,9月次之,TC降水在极端降水事件中的占比约为 10%,但年际变化大,有些年份占比达60%以上,特别是1990 年以来 TC对极端降水的贡献显著增强;影响山东的 TC主要生成于西 北太平洋,多为转向型路径;当500 hPa位势高度异常场呈太平洋一日本遥相关型的正位相时,TC更易北上影响山东,此时西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏北,其外围气流会引导TC北上转向,对华东地区造成影响;850 hPa上,南海至西北太平洋存在异常气旋式环流,对流活跃,夏季风环流和季风槽加强,有利于TC的生成和发展,同时,华东、华南上空有异常上升运动,涡度增大,垂直风切变减小,水汽充沛,TC登陆后强度能得到较好的维持。  相似文献   

2021年夏季海洋天气评述          下载免费PDF全文

王皘  刘达  董林  魏娜 《海洋气象学报》2021,41(4):82-94

2021年夏季（6—8月）大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,主体位于北冰洋上空偏向西半球,强度较常年偏强;东亚地区以纬向环流为主,副热带高压较常年平均略偏西偏南。6月,北部海域温度较低,黄渤海海雾天气多发。7月,西南季风推进,热带气旋活跃。8月,副热带高压增强西伸,热带气旋活动频次偏少。夏季共有7次海雾过程,其中6月有4次,7月有3次。我国近海出现了9次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋大风过程6次,温带气旋入海影响的大风过程3次。浪高在2 m以上的海浪过程有10次,2 m以上大浪的天数共计38 d。我国北部及东部海域升温明显,从北到南的海面温度梯度减小。西北太平洋和南海有9个台风活动,其中台风“烟花”造成近海一次范围广、时间长、风力大的大风过程。  相似文献