Since turtles cannot talk: what beak movement sensors can tell us about the feeding ecology of neritic loggerhead turtles,Caretta caretta     

Sandra Hochscheid  Andrea Travaglini  Fulvio Maffucci  Graeme C. Hays  Flegra Bentivegna 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(3):321-333

Understanding the role that consumers play in an ecosystem requires knowledge about food selection and intake rates. However, such basic data are often difficult to obtain, particularly for marine animals that are not easy to observe. To overcome this problem, a beak movement sensor was employed on a free‐ranging loggerhead turtle in a neritic foraging habitat at the Domitian littoral (SW Italy). In combination with gastrointestinal content analysis from six turtles found dead in the same area we sought to identify which beak movement patterns were associated with which prey type, and to quantify the ingestion of the various prey types. Brachyuran crabs (100% occurrence), in particular Liocarcinus vernalis, and small molluscs (66% occurrence) were found most frequently in the stomach and intestine of the turtles. Beak movements revealed average ingestion rates of (mean ± SE) 0.27 ± 0.13 food items per minute and that feeding occurred predominantly during dives >4 m and during early morning and evening. Interestingly, the time spent feeding amounted to only 2.2% of the total observation time, whereas feeding‐associated dives added up to just above 10% of the total time. We thus established that loggerhead turtles in this area are specialised on brachyuran crabs, on which they prey with high success during the short time dedicated to foraging. This information strengthens our knowledge about turtle–prey and turtle–habitat interactions, which are essential data to delineate the role that turtles play in this and similar marine ecosystems. Moreover, since the same area is also intensively used by the regional bottom trawl fishery, our results have important conservation implications, because they clearly show the time of day and water depths for which fishing activity should be regulated to reduce the number of turtles that are currently being incidentally caught in this area.  相似文献   

盐度对近江牡蛎耗氧率、排氨率、O:N 和吸收率的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王刚  张其中  喻子牛  林小涛 《海洋科学》2013,37(2):101-106

以半现场流水槽法研究了不同盐度(5、10、15、20、25、30、35)对近江牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)耗氧率、排氨率、O:N、吸收率的影响,并测定了盐度为20条件下牡蛎耗氧率和排氨率的周日变化.结果表明,近江牡蛎耗氧率、排氨率、O:N先随着盐度的升高而下降,在20左右降到最低,随着盐度继续上升,又升高;而近江牡蛎的吸收率先随着盐度的升高而升高,在20左右达到最高,然后随盐度升高而下降.根据数据得出耗氧率与盐度的拟合方程: y=0.0033x2-0.1161x+1.5523, R2=0.9018;排氨率与盐度:y=0.0001x2-0.0041x+0.0871, R2=0.9889;O:N与盐度:y=0.0016x3-0.0782x2+0.9051x+10.818, R2=0.955;吸收率与盐度: y=-0.0011x2+0.0399x+0.4393.R2=0.9453.一日内,8时、14时、19时、22时4个时间点,近江牡蛎耗氧率和排氨率变化较大,在14时最大,表明该时点其代谢活动最强.  相似文献   

A pleistocene mummified ostracod from the Wairarapa district     

Stephen H. Eagar 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):607-609

A mummified specimen of Scottia insularis Chapman is recorded from beds of Upper Nukumaruan age (Pleistocene) at Gladstone in the Wairarapa Valley. This is the first record of a mummified species from New Zealand.  相似文献   

Submerged vegetation of the Rotorua and Waikato lakes     

V. J. Chapman  J. M. A. Brown  F. I. Dromgoole  B. T. Coffey 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):259-279

Five plant communities in Lake Rotoiti, North Island, New Zealand (38° 02’ S, 176° 24’ E) are described. In shallow water (0–2 m depth) partly protected from the prevailing westerly winds, some indigenous species form characteristic mounds. From 2 to 6 m depth the exotic macrophyte Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss is the dominant and forms dense beds which appear to have completely replaced any native vegetation. Elodea canadensis Michx., a longer‐established exotic, may form a minor component of this zone, but may become the dominant species in water above and below the Lagarosiphon zone. Lagarosiphon appears to be primarily restricted to silty sand, but on pure silt areas it is replaced by Elodea and/or Nitella hookeri A. Braun. These zonations are probably static rather than successional. On underwater cliff faces and boulder shores a seasonal succession of algae was the major vegetation. Only filamentous cyanophytes grew within 1–2m of geothermal springs in the lake.  相似文献   

密实散粒体剪切破坏能量演化的离散元模拟     

蒋明镜  张望城  王剑锋 《岩土力学》2013,34(2):551-558

砂土等散粒体在剪切过程中的能量存储及耗散是其宏观力学响应的深层原因,但因量测难度较大而研究较少。将考虑抗转动的接触模型引入离散元软件PFC2D,基于热力学第一定律建立各种能量量测方法,并在平面应变双轴压缩试验中采用该方法统计密实散粒体在剪切过程中的能量演化规律。采取了4种耗散类型,即滑动-滚动（S-R）、滑动-非滚动（S-NR）、非滑动-滚动（NS-R）和非滑动-非滚动（NS-NR）。结果表明：密实散粒体加载时能量耗散以滑动摩擦为主;且小应变加载阶段,外力功主要转化为弹性应变能,但同时也存在均布于试样的耗散能;随着应变的增加,外力功的转化形式逐渐过渡为以耗散能为主,且集中分布在带状区域内;各个加载阶段的摩擦耗散均存在各向异性。  相似文献   

长江口及邻近海域现代沉积速率及其对长江入海泥沙去向的指示意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王昕  石学法  王国庆  乔淑卿  刘涛 《地球科学》2013,38(4):763-775

对长江口及附近海域的16根重力柱样进行了210Pb沉积速率测试, 结合以往成果, 揭示了该区现代沉积速率分布格局, 对其控制因素以及其对认识长江入海泥沙去向的指示意义进行了探讨.沉积速率最高值分布在南支口外、杭州湾口群岛北部的前三角洲地区, 最高可达6.3m/a, 总体上在3cm/a以上; 次高值分布在杭州湾北部, 约1.7~3.0cm/a, 南部略低, 约0.4~1.0cm/a; 长江口水下负地形北部海域存在小片沉积速率较高的区域, 最高值达2.58cm/a; 低值主要分布在苏北辐射沙洲、过渡沉积区以及浅海陆架的大片区域, 基本保持在1cm/a以下.研究表明, 长江泥沙出口门后主要在水下三角洲地区进行了堆积, 其次有相当部分在涨潮流顶托下进入杭州湾, 进入杭州湾南部的泥沙又在落潮流作用下经杭州湾南侧向舟山海域方向输运; 长江入海物质向外海的扩散基本被控制在123°E以西, 苏北辐射沙洲、过渡沉积区以及浅海陆架的大片区域缺乏现代长江物质供应; 长江悬浮泥沙对研究区东北部陆架区影响较小, 废黄河口被侵蚀物质和黄海悬浮物质为其较高沉积速率的主要贡献者.   相似文献   

固化铅污染土的干湿循环耐久性试验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

曹智国  章定文  刘松玉 《岩土力学》2013,34(12):3485-3490

在商用高岭土、膨润土与商业黄砂混合物中加入硝酸铅溶液,添加水泥和石灰两种固化剂,采用室内压实制样方法获得固化的铅污染土试样。进行干、湿循环试验,测试固化体的质量损失和无侧限抗压强度等参数随干、湿循环次数的变化规律,评价固化铅污染土的干、湿耐久性。测试结果表明,本试验8种配比的试样都满足干、湿循环的要求;黏土矿物为膨润土的试样干、湿循环耐久性比黏土矿物为高岭土的试样要差;水泥固化土的干、湿循环耐久性要略优于石灰固化土;加入 8 000 mg/kg的铅可略增大土体的抗干、湿循环耐久性。水泥和石灰固化/稳定化重金属污染土时,土体中含水率是保证加固效果的关键参数之一。土体中含水率应能满足固化剂充分水化、水解、火山灰和碳酸化反应之需要。  相似文献   

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吴啸龙  杨志强  武继峰  胡洋 《大地测量与地球动力学》2013,33(4):17-21

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周访滨  朱建军  陈永奇 《大地测量与地球动力学》2013,33(4):92-95

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Seismic response of steel frame structures with hybrid passive control systems     

Justin D. Marshall  Finley A. Charney 《地震工程与结构动力学》2012,41(4):715-733

The concept of the hybrid passive control system is studied analytically by investigating the seismic response of steel frame structures. Hybrid control systems consist of two different passive elements combined into a single device or system. The hybrid systems investigated in this research consist of a rate‐dependent damping device paired with a rate‐independent energy dissipation element. The innovative configurations exploit individual element strengths and offset their weaknesses through multiphased behavior. A nine‐story, five‐bay steel moment‐frame was used for the analysis. Six different seismic resisting systems were analyzed and compared. The conventional systems included a special moment‐resisting frame (SMRF) and a dual SMRF–buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) system. The final four configurations are hybrid passive systems. The different hybrid configurations utilize a BRB and either a high‐damping rubber damper or viscous fluid damper. The analyses were run in the form of an incremental dynamic analysis. Several damage measures were calculated, including maximum roof drift, base shear, and total roof acceleration. The results demonstrate the capability of hybrid passive control systems to improve structural response compared with conventional lateral systems and to be effective for performance‐based seismic design. Each hybrid configuration improved some aspect of structural response with some providing benefits for multiple damage measures. The multiphased nature provides improved response for frequent and severe seismic events. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献