山东省冰雹频数月际变化的时空特征与成因探究          下载免费PDF全文

张茜茹  高山红 《山东气象》2020,40(1):22-32

基于观测数据,统计分析了1999—2017年山东省冰雹频数月际变化的时空特征;基于大气再分析数据,通过对大尺度环流客观分型与物理量场的合成分析,探究了月际变化的成因。统计结果显示,山东省冰雹频数存在显著的月际变化,逐月冰雹落区具有明显的空间差异。成因探究结果表明：1）约88%的冰雹发生于低槽槽前,或槽后西北气流的环流形势下,此两种形势发生频率之和的月际变化与冰雹频数的月际变化呈现一致的起伏特征;2）水汽与热力条件影响了冰雹发生频数,对4—6月和9—10月而言,充足的水汽与强不稳定对应了较高的冰雹频数,其中6月冰雹频数最高归因于水汽含量与K指数均达到最大,且距平正异常最小;3）4—9月冰雹落区的空间分布与低层水汽输送及辐合存在较好的对应关系,而10月对应关系不明显。  相似文献   

夏季青藏高原及周边上对流层水汽质量及其向平流层传输年际异常. I：水汽质量异常主导型     

唐南军  任荣彩  吴国雄  虞越越 《大气科学》2020,44(2):239-256

本文利用逐年7~8月平均的ERA-Interim再分析资料并结合SWOOSH(Stratospheric water and ozone satellite homogenized)水汽数据,分析了青藏高原及周边地区330~360 K层次水汽质量分布的年际异常特征及其成因。结果表明,水汽质量分布异常表现为整体异常型、东西偶极异常型和南北偶极异常型三个主导分布型。整体异常型在水汽质量整体偏多时,青藏高原地区对流和垂直向上的水汽质量非绝热传输偏强,上对流层为异常偏强的水汽质量非绝热辐合;此时对应南亚高压偏强,青藏高原地区上对流层的水汽质量绝热辐散和高原以西地区的水汽质量绝热辐合都异常偏强,水汽质量整体偏少时则相反。东西偶极异常型水汽质量呈西多/东少分布时,青藏高原西部(中东部)对流和垂直向上的水汽质量非绝热传输异常偏强(弱),上对流层的水汽质量非绝热辐合和水汽质量绝热辐散也异常偏强(偏弱);同时对应南亚高压偏西,青藏高原以西到伊朗高原的上对流层有异常的自东向西的水汽质量绝热输送和水汽质量绝热辐合。水汽质量呈西少/东多分布时则有相反的结果。南北偶极异常型水汽质量呈北多/南少分布时,对应南亚高压偏北,青藏高原北部的上对流层有异常自南向北的水汽质量绝热输送所造成的水汽质量辐合,同时该地区低层异常偏强的自下向上的水汽质量非绝热输送也加强水汽质量辐合,而青藏高原南侧上对流层则为异常偏弱的水汽质量绝热辐散和水汽质量非绝热辐合,水汽质量呈北少/南多分布时相反。  相似文献   

青藏高原腹地高原多年冻土区能量收支各分量的季节变化特征   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1  

肖瑶  赵林  李韧  姚济敏 《冰川冻土》2011,33(5):1033-1039

利用2007年青藏高原冰冻圈观测研究站在唐古拉和西大滩综合观测场的实测资料,计算了藏北高原多年冻土区2种不同植被下垫面的能量收支各分量,并对其季节变化特征和主要影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,该区域地表净辐射季节变化十分显著,主要受到太阳高度角和下垫面状况的影响;地表热通量季节变化同净辐射相似;感热通量春季达到最大,在夏...  相似文献   

Fine‐grained bed sediment storage within the main channel systems of the Frome and Piddle catchments,Dorset, UK     

A. L. Collins  D. E. Walling 《水文研究》2007,21(11):1448-1459

Lowland permeable catchments in the UK are particularly prone to sedimentation problems, on account of the increased fine sediment loadings generated by recent land‐use change and their stable seasonal hydrological regimes, which are frequently depleted by groundwater abstraction. Fine‐grained sediment storage on the bed of the main channel systems of the Frome (437 km²) and Piddle (183 km²) catchments, Dorset, UK, has been examined at 29 sites using a sediment remobilization technique. Measurements encompassed the period February 2003–July 2004. At individual sites in the Frome, average values ranged between 410 and 2630 g m^?2, with an overall mean of 918 g m^?2. In the Piddle, the average values for individual sites varied between 260 and 4340 g m^?2, with an overall mean of 1580 g m^?2. Temporal variations in fine bed sediment storage at each site were appreciable, with the coefficients of variation ranging between 43 and 155% in the Frome and between 33 and 160% in the Piddle. Average reach‐scale specific bed sediment storage increased markedly downstream along each main stem from 2 to 29 t km^?1 (Frome) and from 4 to 19 t km^?1 (Piddle). Total fine sediment storage on the channel bed of the Frome varied between 479 t (5 t km^?1) and 1694 t (17 t km^?1), with a mean of 795 t (7 t km^?1), compared with between 371 t (5 t km^?1) and 1238 t (14 t km^?1) with a mean of 730 t (9 t km^?1) in the Piddle. During the study period, fine bed sediment storage was typically equivalent to 18% (Frome) and 57% (Piddle) of the mean annual suspended sediment flux at the study catchment outlets. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Phosphorus budget of redeye mullet （Liza haematocheila T. ＆ S.） under graded feeding levels     

康斌线薇薇  武云飞 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2006,24(3):313-317

Experiment on phosphorus budget of redeye mullet （Liza haematocheila T. ＆ S.） was conducted at water temperature 21℃ and salinity 33. The results showed that the growth phosphorus （phosphorus that allocated into growth, GP） increased from -30.84% to 15.83% by feeding on graded amount of diets （starvation, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% body weight and satiation）. The GP linearly increased with feeding levels （FL） as GP （mg） = - 0.785 ＋ 0.604 FL, and at satiation the relationship between GP and body weight （BW） was GP （mg） = 1,5991 BW0.7685. In the budget, IP （intake phosphorus） = GP ＋ FP （faecal phosphorus） ＋ EP （excretion phosphorus）. FP showed an irregular tendency with different feeding levels, and EP decreased with increasing feeding levels but rebound at satiation. The P budget at satiation was 100IP = 15.84 GP ＋ 64.62 FP ＋ 19.55 EP.  相似文献   

High-resolution Surface Relative Humidity Computation Using MODIS Image in Peninsular Malaysia   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

PENG Guangxiong LI Jing CHEN Yunhao Abdul Patah NORIZAN Liphong TAY 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2006,16(3):260-264

1 Introduction The Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System can be used in applied forestry as a tool to investigate and manage all types of fire management (Chrosciewicz, 1978; McRae, 1980; Fyles et al., 1991; McRae et al., 1994). The development of the FWI system (Van Wag- ner, 1987; 1990) over the last two decades allows the routine prediction of fire behavior from weather data (Fyles et al., 1991). The FWI is calculated from point measurements of air temperature, relative humidity…  相似文献   

Estimating fog deposition at a Puerto Rican elfin cloud forest site: comparison of the water budget and eddy covariance methods     

F. Holwerda  R. Burkard  W. Eugster  F. N. Scatena  A. G. C. A. Meesters  L. A. Bruijnzeel 《水文研究》2006,20(13):2669-2692

The deposition of fog to a wind‐exposed 3 m tall Puerto Rican cloud forest at 1010 m elevation was studied using the water budget and eddy covariance methods. Fog deposition was calculated from the water budget as throughfall plus stemflow plus interception loss minus rainfall corrected for wind‐induced loss and effect of slope. The eddy covariance method was used to calculate the turbulent liquid cloud water flux from instantaneous turbulent deviations of the surface‐normal wind component and cloud liquid water content as measured at 4 m above the forest canopy. Fog deposition rates according to the water budget under rain‐free conditions (0·11 ± 0·05 mm h^?1) and rainy conditions (0·24 ± 0·13 mm h^?1) were about three to six times the eddy‐covariance‐based estimate (0·04 ± 0·002 mm h^?1). Under rain‐free conditions, water‐budget‐based fog deposition rates were positively correlated with horizontal fluxes of liquid cloud water (as calculated from wind speed and liquid water content data). Under rainy conditions, the correlation became very poor, presumably because of errors in the corrected rainfall amounts and very high spatial variability in throughfall. It was demonstrated that the turbulent liquid cloud water fluxes as measured at 4 m above the forest could be only ～40% of the fluxes at the canopy level itself due to condensation of moisture in air moving upslope. Other factors, which may have contributed to the discrepancy in results obtained with the two methods, were related to effects of footprint mismatch and methodological problems with rainfall measurements under the prevailing windy conditions. Best estimates of annual fog deposition amounted to ～770 mm year^?1 for the summit cloud forest just below the ridge top (according to the water budget method) and ～785 mm year^?1 for the cloud forest on the lower windward slope (using the eddy‐covariance‐based deposition rate corrected for estimated vertical flux divergence). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Thermal regime of a headwater stream within a clear‐cut,coastal British Columbia,Canada     

R. D. Moore  P. Sutherland  T. Gomi  A. Dhakal 《水文研究》2005,19(13):2591-2608

This study examined the thermal regime of a headwater stream within a clear‐cut. The stream had a complex morphology dominated by step–pool features, many formed by sediment accumulation upstream of woody debris. Maximum daily temperatures increased up to 5 °C after logging, and were positively associated with maximum daily air temperature and negatively with discharge. Maximum daily temperatures generally increased with downstream distance through the cut block, but decreased with distance in two segments over distances of tens of metres, where the topography indicated relatively concentrated lateral inflow. Localized cool areas within a step–pool unit were associated with zones of concentrated upwelling. Bed temperatures tended to be higher and have greater ranges in areas of downwelling flow into the bed. Heat budget estimates were made using meteorological measurements over the water surface and a model of net radiation using canopy characteristics derived from fisheye photography. Heat exchange driven by hyporheic flow through the channel step was a cooling effect during daytime, with a magnitude up to approximately 25% that of net radiation during the period of maximum daytime warming. Heat budget calculations in these headwater streams are complicated by the heterogeneity of incident solar radiation and channel geometry, as well as uncertainty in estimating heat and water exchanges between the stream and the subsurface via hyporheic exchange and heat conduction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Significance of processes in the near‐stream zone on stream water acidity in a small acidified forested catchment     

Jens Flster 《水文研究》2001,15(2):201-217

The near‐stream zone has received increasing attention owing to its influence on stream water chemistry in general and acidity in particular. Possible processes in this zone include cation exchange, leaching of organic matter and redox reactions of sulphur compounds. In this study the influences of processes in the near‐stream zone on the acidity in runoff from a small, acidified catchment in central southern Sweden were investigated. The study included sampling of groundwater, soil water and stream water along with hydrological measurements. An input–output budget for the catchment was established based on data from the International Co‐operative Programme on Integrated Monitoring at this site. The catchment was heavily acidified by deposition of anthropogenic sulphur, with pH in stream water between 4·4 and 4·6. There was also no relationship between stream flow and pH, which is indicative of chronic acidification. Indications of microbial reduction of sulphate were found in some places near the stream, but the near‐stream zone did not have a general impact on the sulphate concentration in discharging groundwater. The near‐stream zone was a source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the stream, which had a median DOC of 6·8 mg L¹. The influence on stream acidity from organic anions was overshadowed by the effect of sulphate, however, except during a spring flow episode, when additional organic matter was flushed out and the sulphate‐rich ground water was mixed with more diluted event water. Ion exchange was not an important process in the near‐stream zone of the Kindla catchment. Different functions of the near‐stream zone relating to discharge acidity are reported in the literature. In this study there was even a variation within the site. There is therefore a need for more case studies to provide a more detailed understanding of the net effects that the near‐stream zone can have on stream chemistry under different circumstances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Carbon Budget of Bastard Halibut Paralichthys Oliva-eus in Relation to Body Weight and Temperature     

线薇薇  刘瑞玉  朱鑫华 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2003,21(2)

The effects of body weight and temperature on the carbon budget of the juvenile bastard halibut, Paralichthys olivaceus , were studied at temperature 13.5, 18, 21.5 and 24 ℃, respectively. The carbon intake, faecal and growth carbon were measured, and the carbon respiration was calculated using the carbon budget equation(CC=GC+FC+RC). The combined relationship between different components of the carbon budget, body weight and temperature could be described by regression equations: CC =1.0206 W 0.8126 e 0.1483 T; G=0.0042 W 1.4096 (-5.11 T 3+285.90 T2-5173.72 T +30314.03); FC =0.0485 W0.7711e 0.1624 T ; UC = 1.4333 W 0.6715e 0.1487 T. Body weight had no significant ffect on the carbon absorption efficiency and the conversion efficiency.  相似文献