新疆40a来气温、降水和沙尘天气变化   总被引：67，自引：10，他引：57  

何清  杨青  李红军 《冰川冻土》2003,25(4):423-427

根据1961-2001年新疆代表北疆的8个气象站、天山山区的8个气象站、南疆的8个气象站的实测资料, 分析了40 a来新疆气温、降水、沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘年代际变化特征.结果显示: 40 a来新疆气温呈明显上升趋势, 后10 a(1991-2000年)比前30 a平均气温升高, 北疆偏高0.8℃, 南疆和天山山区均偏高0.℃; 降水变化的总趋势是增湿明显, 后10 a与前30 a相比降水增加, 南疆偏多20.4%, 北疆偏多11.3%, 天山山区偏多9.8%; 南疆与北疆各类沙尘天气年际变化趋势基本相似, 80年代以来呈减少趋势; 南疆沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘总日数之和与同期的温度、降水在春季有相对较好的线性相关关系.  相似文献   

我国北方地区的污染天气分型          下载免费PDF全文

邹旭东  李岱松  杨洪斌 《气象与环境学报》2006,22(6):53-55

概述了近年来我国北方各地区污染天气分型,将污染天气划分为沙尘天气和空气质量天气。结果表明:影响我国北方地区产生沙尘暴的天气系统主要为蒙古气旋,其次为偏南风干冷锋天气系统,大气中污染物浓度过高多出现在地面高压系统的控制下;提出了天气分型研究重点是应用天气分型结论形成自动业务化的天气预测模式。  相似文献   

黄河下游河相关系与平滩流量特征关系的随机演化模拟     

宋晓龙  钟德钰  王光谦 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(5):843-864

Extreme weather is an important noise factor in affecting dynamic access to river morphology information.The response characteristics of river channel on climate disturbances draw us to develop a method to investigate the dynamic evolution of bankfull channel geometries(including the hydraulic geometry variables and bankfull discharges)with stochastic differential equations in this study.Three different forms of random inputs,including single Gaussian white noise and compound Gaussian/Fractional white noise plus Poisson noise,are explored respectively on the basis of the classical deterministic models.The model parameters are consistently estimated by applying a composite nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)method.Results of the model application in the Lower Yellow River reveal the potential responses of bankfull channel geometries to climate disturbances in a probabilistic way,and,the calculated average trends mainly run to synchronize with the measured values.Comparisons among the three models confirm the advantage of Fractional jump-diffusion model,and through further discussion,stream power based on such a model is concluded as a better systematic measure of river dynamics.The proposed method helps to offer an effective tool for analyzing fluvial relationships and improves the ability of crisis management of river system under varying environment conditions.  相似文献   

基于MODIS数据的淮北地区云特性研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

曹亚楠  袁野  郑小艺  周述学 《遥感学报》2019,23(2):349-358

利用2006年—2015年MODIS云产品数据(MYD06),对淮北地区不同云相态、不同相态云粒子有效半径和云顶温度逐月概率分布进行了统计对比分析,同时对四季云水路径逐年变化进行了研究。研究表明:淮北地区夏秋冬季水云出现的概率较高,春夏季冰云出现的概率较高。水云年均发生概率是冰云的近2倍,晴空和冰云相当,混合相态云较少。除7月份,水云有效半径概率逐月分布逐年有所变化,主要分布在5—30μm。冰云有效半径主要分布在15—35μm,且10年间4、5和8月份概率分布较为一致。混和相云有效半径主要分布在10—40μm,逐月发生概率在10—20μm和25—35μm出现两个峰值,这与水云和冰云不同,且在春秋冬较为明显。10年间淮北地区上空云水路径年均值低于300 g/m~2。冬季年均云水路径相对较低且逐年呈现减少的趋势。春秋冬季云顶温度逐月概率分布逐年变化较大。春冬季冷云发生的概率较大,夏秋季暖云出现的概率要高于冷云。  相似文献   

Short‐term flood inundation prediction using hydrologic‐hydraulic models forced with downscaled rainfall from global NWP          下载免费PDF全文

Do Hoai Nam  Dang Thanh Mai  Keiko Udo  Akira Mano 《水文研究》2014,28(24):5844-5859

A short‐term flood inundation prediction model has been formulated based on the combination of the super‐tank model, forced with downscaled rainfall from a global numerical weather prediction model, and a one‐dimensional (1D) hydraulic model. Different statistical methods for downscaled rainfall have been explored, taking into account the availability of historical data. It has been found that the full implementation of a statistical downscaling model considering physically‐based corrections to the numerical weather prediction model output for rainfall prediction performs better compared with an altitudinal correction method. The integration of the super‐tank model into the 1D hydraulic model demonstrates a minimal requirement for the calibration of rainfall–runoff and flood propagation models. Updating the model with antecedent rainfall and regular forecast renewal has enhanced the model's capabilities as a result of the data assimilation processes of the runoff and numerical weather prediction models. The results show that the predicted water levels demonstrate acceptable agreement with those measured by stream gauges and comparable to those reproduced using the actual rainfall. Moreover, the predicted flood inundation depth and extent exhibit reasonably similar tendencies to those observed in the field. However, large uncertainties are observed in the prediction results in lower, flat portions of the river basin where the hydraulic conditions are not properly analysed by the 1D flood propagation model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Advances in cloud physics and weather modification in China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Xueliang Guo  Danhong Fu  Xingyu Li  Zhaoxia Hu  Henchi Lei  Hui Xiao  Yanchao Hong 《大气科学进展》2015,32(2):230-249

The capabilities of cloud-resolving numerical models, observational instruments and cloud seeding have improved greatly over recent years in China. The subject of this review focuses on the main progresses made in China in the areas of cloud modeling, field observations, aerosol–cloud interactions, the effects of urbanization on cloud and precipitation, and weather modification.Well-equipped aircraft and ground-based advanced Doppler and polarized radars have been rapidly applied in cloudseeding operations. The combined use of modern techniques such as the Global Positioning System, remote sensing, and Geographical Information Systems has greatly decreased the blindness and uncertainties in weather-modification activities.Weather-modification models based on state-of-the-art cloud-resolving models are operationally run at the National Weather Modification Centre in China for guiding weather-modification programs.Despite important progress having been made, many critical issues or challenges remain to be solved, or require stronger scientific evidence and support, such as the chain of physical events involved in the effects induced by cloud seeding. Current important progresses in measurements and seeding techniques provide the opportunity and possibility to reduce these deficiencies. Long-term scientific projects aimed at reducing these key uncertainties are extremely urgent and important for weather-modification activities in China.  相似文献   

Observed Trends in Severe Weather Conditions Based on Humidex,Wind Chill,and Heavy Rainfall Events in Canada for 1953–2012     

Éva Mekis  Lucie A. Vincent  Mark W. Shephard  Xuebin Zhang 《大气与海洋》2015,53(4):383-397

Observed trends in severe weather conditions based on public alert statements issued by Environment Canada are examined for Canada. Changes in extreme heat and extreme cold events represented by various humidex and wind chill indices are analyzed for 1953–2012 at 126 climatological stations. Changes in heavy rainfall events based on rainfall amounts provided by tipping bucket rainfall gauges are analyzed for 1960–2012 at 285 stations. The results show that extreme heat events, defined as days with at least one hourly humidex value above 30, have increased significantly at more than 36% of the stations, most of which are located south of 55°N; days with nighttime hourly humidex values remaining above 20 have increased significantly at more than 52% of the stations, most of which are located south of 50°N. Extreme cold events represented by days with at least one hourly wind chill value below ?30 have decreased significantly at more than 76% of the stations across the country. No consistent changes were found in heavy rainfall events. Because city residents are very vulnerable to severe weather events, detailed results on changes in extreme heat, extreme cold, and heavy rainfall events are also provided for ten urban centres.  相似文献   

多普勒雷达资料同化在“7.21”北京特大暴雨个例中的应用   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

王洪  王东海  万齐林 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2015,73(4):679-696

基于WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式和GSI(Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation)同化系统,研究了同化4部多普勒雷达探测资料对"7.21"北京特大暴雨过程中降水预报的改善作用。GSI系统直接同化径向风,而采用云分析的方式间接同化反射率。2012年7月20日21时—21日00时(世界时)雷达探测资料同化试验采用30 min循环同化径向风和反射率资料。结果表明,循环同化雷达探测资料改善了短时(0—6 h)和短期(0—24 h)降水预报,ETS评分提高了约0.2。同化反射率资料增加了初始场的水凝物,改善了温度场分布,直接影响了降水的形成,同时还使650—250 hPa位势高度的均方根误差平均降低了8 gpm。直接同化径向风资料对中尺度风场产生了一定影响。ETS评分结果表明:同化反射率资料的效果要优于同化径向风。  相似文献   

鄱阳湖影响过湖对流强度的数值模拟及机理分析     

陶雅琴  闵锦忠  徐渊  朱利剑 《热带气象学报》2024,(1):101-114

湖陆下垫面的非均匀性对强对流天气的发展演变有很大的影响。鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,湖面积具有明显的月变化和季节变化,而模式中的下边界一般默认湖面积不变,这与实际情况的差异较大,必然带来模式预报误差。利用WRF模式对夏季夜间发生在鄱阳湖地区的一次强对流天气过程进行数值模拟,并通过湖面积变化的敏感性试验,深入研究鄱阳湖对强对流天气发展演变的影响及其机理,结果表明：夏季夜间湖面上空2 m温度明显高于陆面,向湖陆风在湖面上空辐合上升,岸边则存在下沉辐散气流。这导致降水在湖西岸减弱、湖上空增强。随后用去湖敏感性试验印证了鄱阳湖的暖湖效应,湖泊的存在能够通过激发陆风次级环流对湖西岸（湖面）上空降水起抑制（促进）作用。去湖试验的降水在湖西岸增强20%,在湖面上空减弱16%,体现出湖泊对降水强度的重要影响。此外,还发现湖面积扩大1.5、2.5、3.5、4.0倍的扩湖敏感性试验的降水在湖面上空分别增幅7%、16%、30%、43%,进一步证实了强对流强度对鄱阳湖面积变化较为敏感。这指示我们在预报夏季夜间穿湖而过的强对流天气时,应重点关注其可能存在的入湖前减弱、入湖后增强的变化趋势。同时,在利用数值模式模拟湖区强对流天气过程时,如果湖面积与模式中默认的湖面积相差较大,则应考虑将实际湖面积引入模式下边界,以期提升模式对于湖区对流的预报能力。  相似文献   

Change in North American Atmospheric Conditions Associated with Deep Convection and Severe Weather using CRCM4 Climate Projections     

Dominique Paquin  Ramón de Elía  Anne Frigon 《大气与海洋》2014,52(3):175-190

Severe weather has important social and economic impacts. Some studies have indicated that its intensity may increase over this century as a consequence of climate change induced by greenhouse gases. This study aims to investigate the possibility of a future increase in deep convective events over North America resulting from the evolution of favourable atmospheric conditions. Our analysis is based on an ensemble of projections performed using the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) at 45?km resolution, driven by different Global Climate Models (GCMs) and reanalyses. We concentrate our study on Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), vertical wind shear, and convective precipitation. Based on two different approaches to linking atmospheric conditions and severe weather, we find that the number of extreme weather events is expected to increase during the twenty-first century. In agreement with other studies on this subject, we find that CAPE is expected to increase, whereas wind shear is expected to decrease slightly. Through the analysis of the CRCM's convective precipitation outputs, we show that severe convective liquid precipitation events may become both more frequent and slightly more intense. Sensitivity experiments show that results depend on the driving GCM although they confirm the general conclusions. Additional experiments conducted with reduced humidity input at the lateral boundaries show the significant role that the humidity level of the driving GCMs has on simulated extreme regional events. At the regional level results are, in general, consistent with those found at the continental scale, but large inter-regional variations exist.  相似文献