Wet deposition of ammonium in Europe   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ed Buijsman  Jan-Willem Erisman 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,6(3):265-280

Ammonium concentration data in precipitation have been compiled to derive a concentration and deposition field for ammonium in Europe. Measurements referring to a total number of 218 measuring sites have been considered. Because of changes in the ammonium concentrations due to the use of improper sampling procedures, a correction procedure is proposed. This makes allowance for the type of sampler used, the length of the sampling period, and whether or not light-protected sample bottles are used. Dependent on the specific sampling procedure used correction factors range from 0.75 to 1.20. According to our calculations, the total wet deposition flux of ammonium in Europe in the early 1980s amounts to 2.4 Mt NH₄ ⁺y^-1. However, for some parts of Europe the flux cannot be estimated very reliably because of the low number or even the absence of measuring sites. Compared to earlier estimates for around 1960, the ammonium wet deposition flux has increased by approximately 25% during the period 1960–1980.  相似文献   

Wet deposition of sulfate in the Inland Sea region of Japan     

S. Fujita  R. K. Kawaratani 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,7(1):59-72

Precipitation chemistry data derived from a sampling network operated in the Inland Sea model region (June 1984–May 1985) are used as a basis for discussing the wet deposition of sulfate on a regional scale in Japan. Horizontal distribution, seasonal variation, relationship between wet deposition and precipitation amount, sulfate/nitrate ratio, and transport of sulfate from the ocean are discussed. Temporal trends in concentrations of atmospheric sulfur compounds and sulfate wet deposition in the model region are also covered.  相似文献   

青海东部一次强暴雪天气的Q矢量诊断分析   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9  

李加洛  达成荣  刘海明  贾红莉  韦淑侠 《气象》2003,29(9):8-12

2002年10月21～22日青海高原东部地区发生近10年以来秋季最强的一次暴雪天气过程。利用Q矢量方法以及GMS-5红外云图、水汽云图和常规观测等资料，对强暴雪天气进行了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明：Q矢量湿锋生函数、Q矢量散度场和水汽通量散度场与青海高原暴雪区有较好的对应关系，对青海高原的降雪预报有指示作用。  相似文献   

全球定位系统(GPS)技术的最新进展 第六讲 GPS气象学   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

李征航  徐晓华 《测绘信息与工程》2003,28(2):29-33

介绍了地基GPS气象学及空基GPS气象学的概念、基本原理、方法以及它们在数值天气预报和气候变化研究中的应用。  相似文献   

大气潮给对流层延迟影响的探讨     

李滚  高玉平  袁海波 《测绘信息与工程》2003,28(6):1-3

探讨了大气潮对GPS信号对流层延迟改正的影响，提出大气潮的周期性涨落会给对流层湿层延迟带来误差，在更高精度的导航定位、时间传递、电波传播中应该考虑修正。  相似文献   

云南一次持续性暴雨过程的非地转湿Q^*          下载免费PDF全文

李英  张腾飞  郭荣芬 《大气科学学报》2002,25(2):259-264

应用非地转湿Q^*,对2001年5月31日至6月2日发生在云南的持续性暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明,非地转湿Q矢量辐合区是暴雨发生的有利区域;非地转湿Q矢量的垂直分布反映了次级环流的方向和强弱,云南的暴雨落区位于次级环流的上升支附近。  相似文献   

近50年来中国干湿气候界线的10年际波动   总被引：57，自引：5，他引：57  

杨建平  丁永建  陈仁升  刘连友 《地理学报》2002,57(6):655-661

利用中国北方1951～1999年降水量和年蒸发量资料，计算了干燥度指数（D）。并据此将中国划分为干旱区（D（0.20）），半干旱区（0.20-0.50）和湿润区（D(0.50）），近50a中国干湿气候波动显著，区域差异大；50a波动幅度东北区为20～400km，华北区为40～400km，西北东部为30～350km，西南区为40～370km，以80年代为界，在20世纪80年代以前（包括80年代），西南区气候具有显著变湿趋势；西北东部稍变湿；华北区和东北区具有变干趋势，且华北区变干程度比东北区严重。进入90年代。西南区和西北东部气候有变干迹象。华北区西部气候的干旱程度有所增加，华北区东部有所减弱，东北区气候进一步变湿，半干旱区是湿润区与干旱区之间的过渡区，是中国季风的边缘地带，也是环境变化的敏感区，20世纪60～70年代中国（北方）干湿气候存在一次突变，由较湿润变为干旱。50年来干湿气候界线呈现出整体移动和东西、南北相异波动的特征，当干湿气候界线同时向西或向北移动时，中国北方气候就变得相对湿润；当同时向东或向南移动时，北方气候就变得相对干旱；当干湿气候界线东西、南北相异移动时，北方气候的干旱程度就介于二者之间。  相似文献   

三江平原典型湿地系统大气湿沉降中氮素动态及其生态效应   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

孙志高  刘景双  王金达 《水科学进展》2007,18(2):182-192

2004年7月至2005年6月对三江平原典型湿地系统大气湿沉降中的氮素动态进行了研究,并探讨了其生态效应。结果表明,各形态氮月均浓度之间差别较大,具有明显的季节性,原因主要与人类活动、降水强度及频次、风向、地理位置以及氮氧化物自然排放有关;湿沉降的TN组成以TIN为主(51.38%~98.96%),TIN又以NH₄+-N和NO₃--N特别是NH₄+-N为主,降水天气系统的路径在很大程度上影响着降水中各形态氮的组成;降水量与各形态氮浓度均呈较弱的负相关(p>0.05),而NH₄+-N与NO₃--N、TON均呈显著正相关(p<0.05),它们可能具有同源性。NH₄+-N与NO₃--N的良好相关性与其在液相中的反应有关;生长季是全年氮沉降的重要时期,其TN沉降量为非生长季的1.84倍,二者所占比例分别为64.78%和35.22%。除NO₂--N外,其它各形态氮的沉降量均以生长季为主体;全年TN沉降量为7.57 kg/hm2,TIN/TON之比为5.47,TIN为沉降主体,占84.56%。NH₄+-N和NO₃--N是TIN沉降的主体,其所占全年的比例分别为52.55%和30.03%;氮是该区植物生长的限制因素,生长季的氮沉降对于促进植物生长直接生态意义重大,而非生长季的氮沉降对于大量补充次年植物生长初期所需养分的间接生态意义明显,其生态作用不容忽视;近年来湿地系统氮沉降量的降低可能是导致其退化的重要原因,其生态影响也不容忽视。  相似文献   

Relationship and its instability of ENSO--Chinese variations in droughts and wet spells   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

SU MingFeng  & WANG HuiJun Nansen-Zhu International Research Center  Institute of Atmospheric Physics  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing  China  Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing  China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,(1)

Monthly data of Self-Calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) from 1951 to 2000 are calculated using historical precipitation and temperature data for Chinese 160 stations. Temporal and spatial pat-terns of the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of the PDSI reveals a fairly linear trend resulting from trends in precipitation and surface temperature, which is similar to the linear PDSI trend during 1951―2000 calculated using all monthly data. The EOF analysis also reveals that the leading mode correlates significantly with ENSO events in time and space. The ENSO EOF shows that during the typical warm phase of ENSO, surface conditions are drier in most regions of China, especially North China, but wetter than normal in the southern regions of Changjiang River, and Northwest China. During the typical cold phase of ENSO, these anomalies reverse sign. From 1951 to 2000, there are large multi-year to decadal variations in droughts and wet spells over China, which are all closely related to strong El Nio events. In other words, when one strong El Nio event happens, there is a possible big variability in droughts and wet spells over China on the multi-year or decadal scale. Studies also sug-gest that during the last 2―3 decades climate changes over China, especially North China's drying and northwest China's wetting, are closely related to the shift in ENSO towards warmer events and global warming since the late 1970s. The instability of the relationship is also studied. It is revealed that there is a good correlation between ENSO and Chinese variations in droughts and wet spells in the 3―8-year band, but the correlation between ENSO and Chinese variations in droughts and wet spells is instable. Studies suggest that there are decadal changes in the correlation: the wavelet coherency between ENSO and Chinese variations in droughts and wet spells is high during 1951―1962 and 1976―1991, but low during 1963―1975 and 1992―2000.  相似文献   

准地转Q矢量在河南省区域暴雨过程中的诊断应用   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

张霞  王咏青  李敏 《气象与环境科学》2007,30(1):39-43

应用NCEP再分析资料及常规地面观测资料,对2005年7月21～24日河南省大暴雨过程中准地转Q矢量作了诊断分析,结果发现:在对流层低层850 hPa等压面上,Q矢量散度的负值区与暴雨落区有着较好的对应关系;Q矢量散度场在垂直方向上出现低层辐合、高层辐散配置时,利于暴雨的产生,暴雨区位于Q矢量辐合中心下方,降水的强弱与Q矢量的低层辐合及高层辐散强弱变化一致.Q矢量的y分量能较好地反映出锋生、锋消的作用,并能指示6～12 h后的暴雨落区.  相似文献