台湾海峡西岸两个典型复合型海滩砂泥转换带对比研究     

周湘  蔡锋  戚洪帅  王立辉  赵绍华  雷刚  朱君 《海洋工程》2019,37(5):133-140

根据福建沿海砂泥复合型海滩的分布特征,选取闽江口左坑和九龙江口南太武两个典型砂泥复合型海滩作为研究对象,开展SMT土力学和空间分布特征初步研究。基于两个海滩SMT位置及两侧共6个柱状沉积物样品的土力学性质分析,完善了砂泥转换带(sand-mud transition,简称SMT)野外判定方法;结合SMT空间分布特征及洪、枯两季差异分析,初步探讨了影响SMT分布的主要因素及控制过程。研究结果认为,对于表层砂泥分界明显的海滩,可根据SMT的定义结合沉积物粒度变化快速判定;而对于无法直接判定SMT位置的复合型海滩,可将海滩表层沉积物抗剪强度作为快速准确判定SMT位置的辅助指标,本次研究取15 k Pa作为SMT判定阈值。闽江口左坑和九龙江口南太武海滩SMT高程及其空间分布特征有明显差异,这种差异在洪、枯水季又发生一定改变,主要与泥沙物源和水动力条件变化有关,SMT具体变化情况由砂质和泥质的输运或水动力强度决定。  相似文献   

三峡库区山区传统农业生态系统转型   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11  

梁鑫源  李阳兵  邵景安  刘雁慧  冉彩虹 《地理学报》2019,74(8):1605-1621

三峡库区是集农村、山区、移民区为一体的典型生态脆弱区,研究其传统农业生态系统的变化对于库区的农村发展与乡村振兴具有重要意义。通过“理论分析—实证研究—趋势预测”的研究框架,以草堂溪流域为例,利用2012-2017年的Quick Bird高分遥感影像结合自然资源要素与农户行为从空间尺度上人地关系变化角度出发对三峡库区山区传统农业生态系统的转型及趋势进行解析。研究发现：① 利用100 m间隔范围的缓冲环将三峡库区的农业生态系统模式分为高低低、高低高、低高低与低低高4种类型,不同模式分别代表三峡库区不同的农业发展阶段,揭示了库区传统农业生态系统由传统耕作方式向现代农业转型的趋势。② 库区的农业生态系统正逐步由传统的耕作区域内粗放利用的纯农生计方式,通过坡耕地撂荒、经果林种植等生态恢复方式,向聚落周边300 m范围内种植结构合理化、物种多样化的集约利用方式转型。③ 以农户与坡耕地等系统要素为代表的三峡库区传统农业生态系统正在发生转型。其中坡耕地多由生产功能主导向生态与经济功能并重转变,农户生计方式趋于多样化,聚落系统生态活力逐渐增强,且农业生态系统转型的变化范围基本由高海拔山地区域向河谷平坝区迁移。此外,尽管在数据时限方面存在不足,但研究结果对于库区乡村土地利用、山区水土流失治理及农村人居环境改善均有启示意义。  相似文献   

被动型氢原子钟原子跃迁谱线特性分析     

谢勇辉  林传富 《中国科学院上海天文台年刊》2011,(0)

被动型氢原子钟原子跃迁谱线特性直接决定了整机的性能指标。本文理论分析了影响原子跃迁谱线特性的各项因素,并对3个主要影响因素进行了实验研究。  相似文献   

塔里木盆地北缘—南天山造山带盆-山耦合和构造转换   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

汤良杰  邱海峻  云露  杨勇  黄太柱  王鹏昊  谢大庆  李萌  蒋华山 《地学前缘》2012,19(5):195-204

文章探讨了塔里木盆地北缘和南天山造山带的盆-山耦合和构造转换过程。塔里木盆地属于典型的叠合盆地,经历了多期构造演化。研究表明,在地史时期中,塔里木盆地北缘和相邻南天山造山带经历了多期和复杂的盆山耦合和盆山转换过程,形成多种类型盆山耦合和转换方式。(1)按时间域可划分为:早古生代陆内裂陷盆地-早期伸展造山-晚期挤压造山耦合,晚古生代陆内裂陷盆地-弧后造山-晚期碰撞造山耦合,中生代陆内前陆盆地-挤压造山耦合,古近纪前陆盆地-挤压造山耦合,新近纪—第四纪再旋回前陆盆地-挤压造山耦合;(2)按深度域可划分为:深部地幔俯冲型盆-山耦合,地壳分层滑脱拆离型盆-山耦合,基底滑脱拆离型盆-山耦合,古生代伸展和逆冲推覆型盆-山耦合,中—新生代逆冲推覆型盆-山耦合;(3)按运动学和动力学可划分为:逆冲推覆型盆-山耦合和接触关系、重力滑脱型盆-山耦合和接触关系、走滑转换型盆山耦合和接触关系、深部岩浆上涌焊接型盆-山耦合和接触关系、鳄鱼嘴型盆-山耦合和接触关系。  相似文献   

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿二长花岗斑岩岩浆-热液过渡特征及成矿意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

秦志鹏  多吉  汪雄武  刘鸿飞  周云  彭惠娟 《地球学报》2012,33(4):501-509

以原始地质资料为基础,结合电子探针数据和岩石地球化学分析,从岩石学、岩相学和地球化学的角度分析了甲玛矿区二长花岗斑岩岩浆-热液过渡的特征及成矿作用。甲玛二长花岗斑岩岩浆热液过渡以电气石-钠/钙硅酸盐化、似伟晶细晶岩壳(脉)和具"冰长石"结构特征的钾长石、蠕状石及显微晶洞(或空腔)构造为特征;地球化学上表现为Na、K的反消长和挥发分含量的涨落,并伴随着Cu、Mo、Au等成矿物质从晚期岩浆的逃逸。甲玛二长花岗斑岩的岩浆热液过渡过程可划分为以超临界流体为代表的液相不混溶阶段和超临界流体逃逸为特征的气液分馏阶段。其中前者决定了岩浆晚期的矿质分馏程度,而后者控制了含矿蒸汽和成矿热液流体的形成,进而分别形成浸染状矿化和脉状矿化。  相似文献   

Geochemical element mobility during alteration/mineralization in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit,Azerbaijan–Iran     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(8):980-1002

The Sungun porphyry copper deposit of northwestern Iran is associated with Miocene diorite/granodiorite to quartz-monzonite intrusive into Eocene volcanic–sedimentary and Cretaceous carbonate rocks. Three main mineralization-related alteration episodes (I, potassic; II, transition; and III, phyllic alterations) were studied in terms of mass transfer during hydrothermal evolution of the Sungun deposit. Isocon plots (Grant, J.A. 1986 Grant, J.A. 1986. The isocon diagram – a simple solution to Gresens’ equation for metasomatic alteration. Economic Geology, 81: 1976–1982. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], The isocon diagram – a simple solution to Gresens’ equation for metasomatic alteration: Economic Geology, v. 81, p. 1976–1982) were employed to illustrate these changes quantitatively. These plots illustrate that Al, Ti, and Ga were relatively immobile during alteration, and that the alteration was essentially mass-conservative. At all stages in the evolution of the hydrothermal system, computed volume changes were close to zero. In the potassic alteration zone, an obvious enrichment of K and depletions of Na, Ca, Mn, and Fe took place. These changes were due to replacement of plagioclase and amphibole by K-feldspar and biotite, respectively. Potassic alteration was associated with significant addition of Cu, as might be expected from the occurrence of disseminated chalcopyrite and bornite in this zone. In the transition alteration zone, Ca was added, Na, Fe, and Mg were relatively unchanged, and K, Ba, and Cu were depleted. The loss of K and Ba relative to Na reflects replacement of K-feldspar by albite. Phyllic alteration was accompanied by the depletion of Na, K, Fe, and Ba and enrichment of Si and Cu. The losses of Na, K, and Fe reflect the sericitization of alkali feldspar and destruction of ferromagnesian minerals. The addition of Si is consistent with the widespread silicification, which is a major feature of phyllic alteration and the addition of Cu with mobilization from the transition zone, which is depleted in this element.  相似文献   

Submarine silica-rich hydrothermal activity during the earliest Cambrian in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(15):1906-1918

Siliceous rocks were widely deposited in many continents during the Ediacaran–Cambrian (E–C) transition. Based on detailed field investigations in the Aksu area of the Tarim Basin in Northwest China, this study presents evidence of a submarine silica-rich hydrothermal system preserved in the E–C boundary successions. This system consists of a lower stockwork silica-dominant vein swarm zone in the karstified dolostone of the uppermost Ediacaran Qigebulake Formation, which terminates directly under the overlying bedded chert and black shale succession of the lowermost Cambrian Yurtus Formation. The stockwork vein swarms were filled dominantly by a wide spectrum of silica precipitates (amorphous silica, chalcedony, spherulite, fine to coarse quartz) with subordinate pyrite, Fe-(oxyhydr)oxide, and barite. The host dolostones that were dissected by the vein swarms also suffered extensive silicification and recrystallization. The vertical stacking relationship of silica-dominant vein swarms and overlying bedded chert suggests they were formed by an identical low-temperature, silica-rich diffusive submarine hydrothermal system in the earliest Cambrian. This suggestion is further supported by fluid inclusion microthermometry (T_h 40–200°C) of the quartz-barite vein fills. In this case, silica-rich hydrothermal fluids were channelled and precipitated partially along the stockwork veins in the antecedent karstified dolostone and vented mostly into seawater, promoting widespread deposition of bedded chert on the seafloor of Tarim Basin in the earliest Cambrian. This study provides a useful clue and analogue to understand the widespread silica deposition and coeval vast oceanic and geochemical changes during the E–C transition in the Tarim Basin and elsewhere.  相似文献   

Asia: a frontier for a future supercontinent Amasia     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(9):1051-1071

Asia is the world’s largest but youngest continent, in which Pacific-type (P-type) and collision-type (C-type) orogenic belts coexist with numerous amalgamated continental blocks. P-type orogens represent major sites of continental growth through tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite type (TTG-type) juvenile granitoid magmatism and accretion of oceanic crust and intra-oceanic arcs. The Asian continent includes several P-type orogenic belts, of which the largest are the Central Asian and Western Pacific. The Central Asian Orogenic Belt is dominated by P-type fossil orogens arranged with a regular northward subduction polarity. The Western Pacific is characterized by ongoing P-type orogeny related to the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. Asia has a multi-cratonic structure and its post-Palaeozoic history has witnessed amalgamation of the Laurasia composite continent and Pangaea supercontinent. Nowadays, Asia is surrounded by double-sided subduction zones, which generate new TTG-type crust and supply oceanic crust and microcontinents to its active margins. The TTG-crust can be tectonically eroded and subducted down to the mantle transition zone to form a ‘second’ continent, which may generate mantle upwelling, plumes, and extensive intra-plate volcanism. Moreover, recent plate movements around Asia are dominated by northward directions, which resulted in the India–Eurasia and Arabia–Eurasia collisions beginning at 50–45 and 23–20 Ma, respectively, and will result in Africa–Eurasia collision in the near future. Therefore, Asia is the best candidate to serve as the nucleus for a future supercontinent ‘Amasia’, likely to form 200–250 Ma in the future. In this paper we unravel a puzzle of continental growth in Asia through P-type orogeny by discussing its tectonic history and geological structure, subduction polarity in P-type orogens, tectonic erosion of TTG-type crust and arc subduction at convergent margins, generation of mantle plumes, and prospects of Asia growth and overgrowth.  相似文献   

Effect of oil and gas deposits on dynamic characteristics of reflected waves     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(4):504-519

ABSTRACT

The preservation of metastable diamond in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) complexes challenges our understanding of the processes taking place during exhumation of these subduction zone complexes. The presence of diamonds in UHPM rocks implies that diamonds remained metastable during exhumation, and within thermodynamic stability of graphite for an extended period. This work studies the influence of pressure on the surface graphitization rate of diamond monocrystals in carbonate systems to understand the preservation of microdiamond during exhumation of UHP subduction complexes. Experiments were performed with 2–3 mm synthetic diamond monocrystals at 2–4 GPa in СаСО₃ (1550°С) and К₂СО₃ (1450°С) melts using a high-pressure multi-anvil apparatus. The highest rate of surface graphitization took place at 2 GPa; diamond crystals were almost completely enveloped by a graphite coating. At 4 GPa, only octahedron-shaped pits formed on flat {111} diamond crystal faces. Our results demonstrate that the surface graphitization rate of diamonds in the presence of carbonate melts at 1450–1550°C increases with decreasing pressure. Decreased pressure alone can graphitize diamond regardless of exhumation rate. Metastable diamond inclusions survive exhumation with little or no graphitization because of excess pressure up to 2 GPa acting on them, and because inclusions are protected from interaction with C-O-H fluid.  相似文献   

Early Mesozoic tectonic transition of the eastern South China Block: constraints from Late Triassic Dashuang complex in eastern Zhejiang Province     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(8):997-1015

ABSTRACT

The Mesozoic tectonic transition from the Palaeo-Tethys tectonic regime to the Palaeo-Pacific tectonic regime in the eastern South China Block has long been debated. Geochemical and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic studies were conducted on the Dashuang complex in the eastern Zhejiang Province. The Dashuang complex consists mainly of quartz syenite in the northwestern part and quartz monzonite in the southeastern part. New laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb data show that the quartz syenite, the quartz monzonite, and its chilled margin (fine-grained granite) crystallized at 235 ± 4 Ma, 232 ± 3 Ma, and 230 ± 1 Ma, respectively. The Dashuang complex intrudes into the Chencai Group gneiss that postdated ~646 Ma and underwent anatexis at 443 ± 14 Ma. The quartz monzonite shows A-type granite affinity, characterized by high K₂O + Na₂O and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y, high FeO_T/(MgO + FeO_T) and Ga/Al ratios, an enrichment in light rare earth elements, and depletions in Ba, Sr, and Eu. The quartz monzonite has zircon ε_Hf(t) values of ?14.2 to –11.9 and two-stage model ages of 1788–1922 Ma. Zircon ε_Hf(t) values of the chilled margin (fine-grained granite) and wall rock (gneiss) are scattered (?18.2 to –6.3 and ?19.5 to 10.2). The corresponding two-stage model ages are 1482–2133 Ma and 1184–2471 Ma, respectively. The Dashuang complex was derived mainly from partial melting of Neoproterozoic clastic rocks in the Cathaysia Block. Geochemical data indicate that the quartz monzonite formed in a post-collision extensional environment. These results, considered with previous data, indicate that the transition from the Palaeo-Tethys to the Palaeo-Pacific tectonic regimes of the eastern South China Block occurred during the Late Triassic (225–215 Ma).  相似文献