不同概率分布函数降雨极值的适用性分析北大核心CSCD     

张玉虎  王琛茜  刘凯利  陈秋华 《地理科学》2015,(11):1460-1467

极端降雨极值发生的重现期是流域与城市防洪设施规划设计标准需要参考的最重要参数之一。利用常用的5种水文统计学分布函数,选取中国十大流域内10个站点不同时段的最大降雨极值序列进行拟合,并检验筛选不同站点的适用性分布函数。结果表明:10个站点拟合优度检验拟合效果较好,曲线差异度较小的分布依次为广义极值分布、对数正态分布、皮尔逊III分布;不同站点适宜性曲线的差异程度不同。研究结果可为区域降雨极值序列的拟合提供参考,即不同的区域、不同的季节、不同时长的降雨极值序列都应寻找其较适宜的分布函数并采用多种检验方法来拟合,以降低不确定性。  相似文献   

New upper limits on deviation from the inverse-square law of gravity in the solar system： a Yukawa parameterization     

Zi-Wei Li  Sheng-Feng Yuan  Chang Lu  Yi Xie 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2014,(2):139-143

New physics beyond the standard model of particles might cause deviation from the inverse-square law of gravity. In many theoretical models of modified gravity, it is parameterized by the Yukawa correction to the Newtonian gravitational force in terms of two parameters α and λ. Here α is a dimensionless strength parameter and A is a length scale. Using the supplementary advances in perihelia provided by INPOP10a and EPM2011 ephemerides, we obtain new upper limits on the deviation from the inverse-square law when the uncertainty of the Sun＇s quadrupole moment is taken into account. We find that INPOP10a yields the upper limits as α =- 3.1× 10-11 and λ= 0.15 au, and EPM2011 gives α = 5.2 × 10-11 and λ=- 0.21 au. In both of them, α is at least 10 times less than the previous results.  相似文献   

Two types of El Niño-related Southern Oscillation and their different impacts on global land precipitation     

徐康  祝从文  何金海 《大气科学进展》2013,30(6):1743-1757

The contrast between the eastern and central responses of zonal and vertical circulation in the Pacific （EP- and CP-） E1 Nino is observed in the different tropics. To measure the different responses of the atmo- spheric circulation to the two types of E1 Nino, an eastern and a central Pacific southern oscillation index （EP- and CP-SOI） are defined based on the air-sea coupled relationship between eddy sea level pressure and sea surface temperature. Analyses suggest that while the EP-SOI exhibits variability on an interannual （2- 7-yr） time scale, decadal （10-15-yr） variations in the CP-SOI are more dominant; both are strongly coupled with their respective EP- and CP-E1 Nino patterns. Composite analysis suggests that, during EP-ENSO, the Walker circulation exhibits a dipole structure in the lower-level （850 hPa） and upper-level （200 hPa） velocity potential anomalies and exhibits a signal cell over the Pacific. In the case of CP-ENSO, however, the Walker circulation shows a tripole structure and exhibits double cells over the Pacific. In addition, the two types of ENSO events show opposite impacts on global land precipitation in the boreal winter and spring seasons. For example, seasonal precipitation across mainland China exhibits an opposite relationship with the EP- and CP-ENSO during winter and spring, but the rainfall over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and South China shows an opposite relationship during the rest of the seasons. Therefore, the different relationships between rainfall and EP- and CP-ENSO should be carefully considered when predicting seasonal rainfall in the East Asian monsoon regions.  相似文献   

Lightning Activity and Precipitation Characteristics of Typhoon Molave （2009） Around Its Landfall     

ZHANG Wenjuan  ZHANG Yijun  ZHOU Xiuji 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2013,27(5):742-757

Cloud-to-ground （CG） lightning data,storm intensity and track data,and the data from a Doppler radar and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） satellite,are used to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of lightning activity in Typhoon Molave （0906） during different periods of its landfall （pre-landfall,landfall,and post-landfall）.Parameters retrieved from the radar and the satellite are used to compare precipitation structures of the inner and outer rainbands of the typhoon,and to investigate possible causes of the different lightning characteristics.The results indicate that lightning activity was stronger in the outer rainbands than in the eyewall and inner rainbands.Lightning mainly occurred to the left （rather than ＂right＂ as in previous studies of US cases） of the moving typhoon,indicating a significant spatial asymmetry.The maximum lightning frequency in the tropical cyclone （TC） eyewall region was ahead of that in the whole TC region,and the outbreaks of eyewall lightning might indicate deepening of the cyclone.Stronger lightning in the outer rainbands is found to be associated with stronger updraft,higher concentrations of rain droplets and large ice particles at elevated mixed-phase levels,and the higher and broader convective clouds in the outer rainbands.Due to the contribution of large cloud nuclei,lightning intensity in the outer rainbands has a strong positive correlation with radar reflectivity.The ratio of positive CG lightning in the outer rainbands reached its maximum 1 h prior to occurrence of the maximum typhoon intensity at 2000 Beijing Time （BT） 18 July 2009.During the pre-landfall period （0300 BT 18 July-0050 BT 19 July）,the typhoon gradually weakened,but strong lightning still appeared.After the typhoon made landfall at 0050 BT 19 July,CG lightning density rapidly decreased,but the ratio of positive lightning increased.Notably,after the landfall of the outer rainbands at 2325 BT 18 July （approximately 1.5 h prior to the landfall of the TC）,significantly higher ice particle density derived from the TRMM data was observed in the outer rainbands,which,together with strengthened convection resulted from the local surface roughness effect,might have caused the enhanced lightning in the outer rainbands around the landfall of Molave.  相似文献   

全球升温1.5℃和2.0℃情景下澜沧江流域极端降水的变化特征     

丁凯熙  张利平  佘敦先  张琴  向竣文 《气候变化研究进展》2020,16(4):466-479

澜沧江是我国为数不多的跨境河流,流域内多发暴雨、洪水灾害,因此定量、科学地评估澜沧江流域未来全球升温情景下极端降水的变化特征,能够为澜沧江-湄公河沿线国家共同管理流域水资源和抵御自然灾害提供一定的科学指导。文中基于部门间影响模式比较计划（ISI-MIP）下5个全球气候模式降水数据,通过偏差校正增强其在澜沧江流域极端降水的模拟能力,使用降水强度、日最大降水量和强降水量等9个指标评价未来全球升温1.5℃和2.0℃下澜沧江流域极端降水的变化情况,并对结果的不确定性和可信度进行研究,得出以下主要结论：随着全球温度的升高,澜沧江流域年降水和极端降水均呈现增大趋势,其中极强降水量（R99p）升幅最大,升温1.5℃和2.0℃下升幅分别为37%和75%;相对于基准期,全球升温2.0℃下各极端降水指数增幅明显大于升温1.5℃,前者升幅甚至超出后者一倍;未来全球升温情景下,澜沧江流域湿季会变得更湿润,而干季则会更干燥;澜沧江流域降水集中程度会增大,使得流域内洪涝灾害发生的风险增大;ISI-MIP气候模式对澜沧江流域未来极端降水模拟存在较大不确定性,升温2.0℃较升温1.5℃情景下不确定性更大,但相对于基准期,前者极端降水增大的可信度更高。  相似文献   

气候变化情景下泥石流危险性响应分析     

徐粒  李倩  王瑛  黄靖玲  许映军 《气候变化研究进展》2020,16(4):415-423

通过中国1950—2010年降水日值0.5°×0.5°格点数据和CMIP5的6个气候模式数据,以2010年舟曲8·7特大山洪泥石流为例,估算此次灾害发生的降雨重现期,并估算未来同等重现期下的降雨量,基于HEC-HMS和FLO-2D模型模拟该降雨量下山洪泥石流堆积面积与泥沙冲出量,进而得到了气候变化背景下的泥石流危险性变化。结果表明：2010年舟曲8·7山洪泥石流灾害的降雨重现期为1500 a,未来相同重现期下降雨量为113.7 mm。设防水平不变条件下,舟曲县城泥石流堆积面积可达2010年灾害的173%,总泥沙量增加到148%,且泥石流堆积面积增加的区域主要位于2010年舟曲县城人口密集区。可见,灾后重建中舟曲县城一半以上居民的转移安置政策有利于弱化未来气候变化背景下泥石流危险性增加的不利影响,是一种有效的气候变化适应性举措。  相似文献   

基于数字摄像能见度仪的北京地区降雨和雾霾天气能见度对比分析     

聂凯  王京丽  雷鸣  韩微  刘金城 《气象与环境学报》2020,36(1):28-35

数字摄像能见度仪（Digital Photographic Visibility System,DPVS）仿照人工目测能见度的原理测量大气能见度。本文应用2017年3—8月北京地区DPVS、前向散射仪（PWD22）、大气透射仪（LT31）三种观测仪器在降雨天气和雾霾天气观测数据进行了对比。结果表明：能见度观测数据与相对湿度、颗粒物浓度、降水粒子等要素之间有明显的负相关性;在低能见度天气条件下,三种仪器观测数据变化趋势一致,但存在一定的差异;DPVS在中雨天气、大雨天气、暴雨天气和中度雾霾天气中,观测数据离散性更小,稳定性更好。但DPVS在白天和夜间的交替过渡期观测值不够稳定,这也是今后算法优化的重点方向。  相似文献   

一种短历时降雨综合评估方法在广州市的应用     

刘璐  张峰 《气象研究与应用》2020,(1):35-40

基于广州市5个国家气象站1981-2015年逐小时降水资料,应用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法对广州市气象站不同历时降雨年际变化特征进行分析,应用百分位法建立了一种基于降雨极值和降雨持续时间的短历时降雨综合等级评估方法,并使用此方法对2007-2011年广州市21次降雨过程进行综合评估,同时对灾损因子和短历时降雨因子进行相关性分析。结果表明,广州市短历时强降雨发生频次和极值均呈现上升趋势,其中1h强降雨频次上升趋势最为显著;综合等级评估方法对短历时降雨灾情具有一定的指示作用;短历时降雨持续时间和6h降雨极值与部分灾损因子相关系数较高。  相似文献   

气候变化下水文极端事件变化预测研究进展   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

杨涛  陆桂华  李会会  何海  王晓燕 《水科学进展》2011,22(2):279-286

全球气候变化对洪水、干旱等极端水文事件的影响已成为一个亟待解决的科学问题.针对国内外在气候变化下采用统计降尺度和降雨径流模型对水文极端事件进行预测的研究进展进行了系统分析,在分类阐述的基础上,总结了国内外最新的研究进展及在预估过程中存在的问题和解决方案,试图凝练出一些气候变化背景下水文极端事件预估的新思路.结果表明:为有效降低极端水文事件预估的不确定性,各种集合模拟技术、数据同化方法、强化观测技术及水文模型的尺度转换理论将是有效的解决途径.  相似文献   

太行山区泥石流灾害降雨触发条件的研究     

柴艳  祁颖辉 《地下水》2011,33(3):165+176-165,176

河北省太行山区是河北省泥石流灾害的主要发生区,该区泥石流在空间上主要分布在太行山东麓的中低山区域,其分布与暴雨等值线的中心部位基本吻合;在时间分布上主要发生在每年7月20日至8月10日之间的强暴雨时期。泥石流的暴发受到降雨因素和地质因素的双重影响,由于降雨为第一主控因子,在地质地貌条件充许的前提下,决定着泥石流是否能在暴雨中被激发。  相似文献