An assessment of acid rock drainage continuous monitoring technology     

K. Fytas  J. Hadjigeorgiou 《Environmental Geology》1995,25(1):36-42

In order to assess the magnitude and impact at affected mine sites of acid rock drainage (ARD), fixed-frequency sampling is often employed. This often involves manual sampling, at regular time intervals, of water and solids. It is felt that such sampling does not adequately describe the system evolution. Continuous monitoring offers a viable alternative in that it can better follow the seasonal fluctuations and high-frequency variations that characterize ARD. This paper evaluates existing continuous monitoring technology.  相似文献   

中国和日本降水化学特性的分析比较   总被引：19，自引：2，他引：19       下载免费PDF全文

黄美元  植田洋匡  刘帅仁 《大气科学》1993,17(1):27-38

本文对中国33个站、日本29个站及美国9个站的降水化学资料进行了分析比较.结果表明,中、日、美三国的降水化学特性有很大不同.三国都有酸雨,但以美国的pH平均值最低.雨水中离子总浓度以中国为最高,其中SO_4~=,NH_4~+和Ca~(++)的浓度特别高.日本雨水中Cl~-和Na~+的浓度很高.NO_3~-在美国雨水中最高.从雨水中离子结构组成和几种重要参量的比值分析表明,中国雨水中的离子浓度受陆地源影响很大,而影响日本雨水中离子浓度最大因素是海洋.在美国以工业交通污染的影响相对最大.文中还对中、日两国不同地区的降水化学特性进行了分析和讨论.  相似文献   

区域酸沉降模式   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  

贾新媛 《大气科学》1993,17(6):732-740

本文提出一个区域的欧拉酸雨模式,包括了大气中污染物质的输送、扩散、非线性化学转化和干湿沉降等物理和化学过程.气相化学反应有18种化学物质,包含了二氧化硫气相氧化的主要化学方程.液相氧化反应包含了H_2O_2,O_3及催化剂对二氧化硫的氧化过程.水平方向有35×35个网格点,垂直方向分15层.选用了四川、贵州地区1988年的8次降水过程对模式作了检验,结果证明模式能较好地模拟这个地区的二氧化硫、硫酸根及降水pH的分布状况.  相似文献   

Excessive degassing of Izu-Oshima volcano: magma convection in a conduit   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Kohei Kazahaya  Hiroshi Shinohara  Genji Saito 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(3):207-216

Excess degassing of magmatic H₂O and SO₂ was observed at Izu-Oshima volcano during its latest degassing activity from January 1988 to March 1990. The minimum production rate for degassed magma was calculated to be about 1×10⁴ kg/s using emission rates of magmatic H₂O and SO₂, and H₂O and S contents of the magma. The minimum total volume of magma degassed during the 27-month period is estimated to be 2.6×10⁸ m³. This volume is 20 times larger than that of the magma ejected during the 1986 summit eruption. Convective transport of magma through a conduit is proposed as the mechanism that causes degassing from a magma reservoir at several kilometers depth. The magma transport rate is quantitatively evaluated based on two fluid-dynamic models: Poiseuille flow in a concentric double-walled pipe, and ascent of non-degassed magma spheres through a conduit filled with degassed magma. This process is further tested for an andesitic volcano and is concluded to be a common process for volcanoes that discharge excess volatiles.  相似文献   

地质流体力学研究的进展     

邓吉牛 《地质科技情报》1993,12(3):39-44

归纳了地质流体力学研究中目前常用的三个基础理论,即双扩散对流理论,边界层理论和相似理论,重点总结了其在岩浆岩石学、成矿学、地球物理学及沉积岩石学等研究领域内的进展。  相似文献   

On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and raindrops: I. A theoretical study of SO2 absorption and desorption for water drops in air     

C. J. Walcek  H. R. Pruppacher 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1983,1(3):269-289

An extention of our previous theory for trace gas absorption into freely-falling cloud and raindrops is presented. This theory describes the convective diffusion of a trace gas through air and into a water drop with internal circulation, the drop falling at its terminal velocity. Using flow fields for the circulating water inside and for the moving air outside the drop, obtained by numerical solutions to the Navier—Stokes equation of motion, we numerically solved the convective diffusion equation to determine the uptake of SO₂ by water drops of various sizes, time exposure to the gas phase, and concentration of SO₂ in the gas phase. It was found that for drops of radius larger than 1 mm and relatively low gas concentrations (10 ppb (v)), resistance to gas diffusion lies mainly in the gas phase; while for drops of radius less than 500 m and gas concentrations larger than those found in the atmosphere (1% (v)), the resistance to diffusion lies primarily in the liquid phase. With drop sizes and gas concentrations between these limits, the rate of SO₂ uptake is controlled by a coupled resistance to diffusion inside and outside the drop. In addition to our general model, a simplified version was formulated which allows considerable savings in computer time for evaluation and improved ease of handling without significant loss of accuracy. A comparison between our simplified model and that of Barrie (1978) shows that the boundary-layer approach of Barrie may be a useful alternate approach to estimating trace gas absorption by water drops, provided appropriate values are chosen for the thickness of the boundary layers involved.  相似文献   

Evaluation of acid-producing sulfidic materials in Virginia highway corridors     

Zenah?W.?OrndorffEmail author  W.?Lee Daniels 《Environmental Geology》2004,46(2):209-216

Road construction through sulfidic materials in Virginia has resulted in localized acid rock drainage (ARD) that threatens water quality, sedimentation, integrity of building materials, and vegetation management. Geologic formations associated with acid roadcuts were characterized by potential peroxide acidity (PPA), expressed as calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE), and total sulfur (total-S) in order to develop a statewide sulfide hazard rating map. The geologic formations were grouped into four categories based on potential acid-producing severity: i) Tabb formation (PPA<6 Mg CCE/1000 Mg; S<0.2%); ii) Ashe formation (PPA<18 Mg CCE/1000 Mg; S<2.0%); iii) Chesapeake Group, Lower Tertiary deposits, Millboro shale, Marcellus shale, and Needmore Formation (PPA<60 Mg CCE/1000 Mg; S<2.6%), and; iv) Chattanooga shale and Quantico slate (PPA<99 Mg CCE/1000 Mg; S<3.9%). Sulfide hazard analysis should be an essential step in the pre-design phase of highway construction and other earth-disturbing activities.  相似文献   

Kinetic tests comparison and interpretation for prediction of the Joutel tailings acid generation potential     

M.?BenzaazouaEmail author  B.?Bussière  A.-M.?Dagenais  M.?Archambault 《Environmental Geology》2004,46(8):1086-1101

Five sulfide mine tailings coming from the Joutel mine tailing ponds (Quebec, Canada) were tested by the humidity cell test (30 to 52 cycles duration) and the column test (11 to 12 cycles duration). The objectives of this study were twofold. First, there was the determination of the tailings acid generation potential for site reclamation. Second, there was the kinetic test comparison for understanding the tailings geochemical behavior under different test conditions. The samples used had a wide diversity in terms of acid-generation potential, particle size distribution, and parameters influencing reaction rates. Leachates produced remained at a near neutral pH for the duration of the tests. Evolution of the main elements involved in the dissolution processes demonstrated neutralization by carbonates as a response to the acid generated by sulfide oxidation. Depletion rates given by sulfates are higher for the humidity cell tests when compared to those obtained for the column tests. This is consistent with most studies to date, the humidity cell test being considered as more severe. However, by taking the ratio between cumulative elements coming from neutralization and the ones coming from oxidation, similar curves (named herein oxidation –neutralization curves) for all tests were obtained. These results show that overall geochemical behavior of the tailings is similar at near neutral pH for both types of tests. With this interpretation method, the acid-generation potential of the Joutel tailings were tested and compared to the static test results to constrain their uncertainty zone with regard to the studied tailings. The tailings geochemical behavior (carbonate dissolution response to sulfide oxidation) at near neutral pH condition appears slightly dependent of test conditions under certain hypothesis.  相似文献   

中国气象局酸雨网基本资料数据集及初步分析   总被引：44，自引：5，他引：39       下载免费PDF全文

丁国安  徐晓斌  王淑凤  于晓岚  程红兵 《应用气象学报》2004,15(Z1):85-94

1989年至今,中国气象局陆续建立起包括88个站点的酸雨监测网,它是我国唯一全国性的、监测区域大气酸沉降的业务站网,其覆盖了我国除台湾以外的全部省、市、自治区,目前己积累了包括各站点每场降水的pH值、电导率和部分降水化学等大量资料.所获得的酸雨资料基本反映我国大气背景条件下的湿沉降时空分布特征.十几年来,我国酸雨发展状况大致经历两个阶段从20世纪80年代到90年代中期为我国酸雨急剧发展期;90年代中后期到21世纪初不同地区降水年平均pH值有升有降,总的趋势是进入相对稳定期,但我国的酸雨形势仍不容乐观.20世纪90年代已获得的降水化学资料包括 SO2-4、NO-3、Ca2+、NH+4月、季变化,以及H+、SO2-4、NO-3、Ca2+、NH+4月、季湿沉降量特征和酸性气体SO2、NO2月、季变化和干沉降特点等其时空分布特征在大气化学、大气环境、区域气候研究等方面发挥了重要作用,然而仍有必要尽快更新已有的资料.  相似文献   

Minor improvement for intertidal seaweeds and invertebrates after acid mine drainage diversion at Britannia Beach, Pacific Canada     

Zis T  Ronningen V  Scrosati R 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,48(11-12):1040-1047

In December 2001, acid mine drainage (AMD) from an abandoned copper mine at Britannia Beach (British Columbia, Canada) was diverted to flow from Britannia Creek into an outfall at 30 m depth in Howe Sound. Britannia Beach was studied in early 2003 to determine whether AMD diversion resulted in improved conditions for intertidal organisms. Species number and abundance have increased at the intertidal zone since AMD diversion, although they were still lower than at an unpolluted control site nearby (Furry Creek). Survivorship and growth rates of transplanted Mytilus trossulus (mussel) have increased since AMD diversion, although they were still significantly lower than at the control site. Transplanted Fucus gardneri (seaweed) performed better than before the AMD diversion; at Britannia Beach the chlorophyll a concentration in tissues was not significantly different from that at the control site, although the concentration of chlorophyll c in tissues and the chlorophyll c to a ratio was lower than at the control site six weeks after transplantation. Britannia Beach is still subject to leaching of metals from surrounding soils, low levels of AMD coming down the creek, and AMD discharge from the deep outfall. Although there has been an improvement, the intertidal environment at Britannia Beach still seems unable to support normal growth and survival of organisms.  相似文献