山区复杂地形上区域大气质量模式的试验研究   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3  

阎宇平  陈长和 《高原气象》1997,16(2):130-139

由于复杂地形上的气流多变，所以，进行区域空气质量模拟是比较困难的。根据大气污染总量控制和环境规划的需要，发展了一种可适用于山谷城市的大气质量模式，该模式的主要特点；（１）采用目前尚少的复杂地形上的三维边界层模式作为大气扩散模式所需城三维边界层要素场；（２）用复杂地形上的三维以模式和斯扩散氏架源（包括面源）和主架源所造在的地面ＳＯ２浓度，然后将两者的模拟浓度在相应网各上叠加。验证结果表明，该混合模式  相似文献   

Arsenic distribution during formation and capping of an oxidised sulphidic minesoil, Macraes mine, New Zealand     

D. Craw  P. O. Koons  D. A. Chappell 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2002,76(1)

A minesoil has developed over 5 years oxidative exposure on sulphide concentrate tailings (ca. 1 wt.% As) at the Macraes mesothermal gold mine, New Zealand. The minesoil has a dry crust which has formed due to evaporative drying. This dry crust is enriched in arsenic (ca. 5 wt.% As) as scorodite (FeAsO₄·2H₂O) because of upward mobility of dissolved arsenic during drying. Similar enrichment of arsenic has occurred along the walls of desiccation cracks which extend over 1 m into the minesoil. Capping of the tailings and minesoil with wet tailings (pH=8) results in dissolution of scorodite and remobilization of arsenic on the millimetre scale. Experimental capping of the minesoil with wet calcium carbonate remobilized some arsenic from scorodite on the centimetre scale, but much original arsenic enrichment was preserved after 400 days. A layer of gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) and iron oxyhydroxide cementation developed at the interface between the minesoil and the experimental calcium carbonate cap, restricting water flow. This layer was ca. 1 mm thick after 400 days. Theoretical comparison between advection and diffusion in the minesoil suggests that diffusion is an important mechanism for chemical mobility on the 1–50-year time scale. However, advection can be important in secondary porosity of the dry crust of the minesoil and water penetrates this zone at a rate of 1.5 mm/day.  相似文献   

The sensitivity of a 3D biogeochemical-like tracer model to advection schemes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Guimei  Huijie Xue 《Ocean Modelling》2009,29(4):234-247

Multidimensional Positive Definite Advection Transport Algorithm (MPDATA) and Monotonic Upstream Schemes for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) are compared and evaluated in a biogeochemical-like tracer model. Based on the MUSCL scheme, an adapted scheme for σ-coordinate models (MUSCL_VD) is presented. These schemes are first implemented in idealized experiments configured for a closed channel with and without a seamount, and conservation is confirmed. MUSCL_VD and MUSCL generate the same results in the flat bottom case, while MUSCL_VD is the only scheme that avoids unphysical values in the seamount experiments. When implemented in a three-dimensional model of the Gulf of Maine (GoM) with realistic topography and real-time forcing, the modeled distributions of an inert tracer concentration are sensitive to the advection schemes. The experiment with MUSCL shows persistent overshoots. MPDATA and MUSCL_VD produce similar spatial distributions and seasonal cycles with MUSCL_VD being slightly more diffusive in the horizontal and less so in the vertical. These two schemes are about equally efficient in computation.  相似文献   

A finite volume upwind scheme for the solution of the linear advection–diffusion equation with sharp gradients in multiple dimensions     

Fabiola Badrot-Nico  François Brissaud  Vincent Guinot 《Advances in water resources》2007

A finite volume upwind numerical scheme for the solution of the linear advection equation in multiple dimensions on Cartesian grids is presented. The small-stencil, Modified Discontinuous Profile Method (MDPM) uses a sub-cell piecewise constant reconstruction and additional information at the cell interfaces, rather than a spatial extension of the stencil as in usual methods. This paper presents the MDPM profile reconstruction method in one dimension and its generalization and algorithm to two- and three-dimensional problems. The method is extended to the advection–diffusion equation in multiple dimensions. The MDPM is tested against the MUSCL scheme on two- and three-dimensional test cases. It is shown to give high-quality results for sharp gradients problems, although some scattering appears. For smooth gradients, extreme values are best preserved with the MDPM than with the MUSCL scheme, while the MDPM does not maintain the smoothness of the original shape as well as the MUSCL scheme. However the MDPM is proved to be more efficient on coarse grids in terms of error and CPU time, while on fine grids the MUSCL scheme provides a better accuracy at a lower CPU.  相似文献   

黑河实验区沙漠戈壁上空“逆湿”的数值模拟   总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16  

阎宇平  玛．曼乃提 《气象科学》2001,21(1):36-43

本文采用区域大气模拟系统－RAMS,模拟了黑河实验区沙漠戈壁上空的“逆湿”,并研究了“逆湿”发生时沙漠戈壁大气边界层结构,模拟结果表明,“逆湿”形成是平流作用的结果,沙漠戈壁边界层内较小的风速,弱不稳定层结及存在的下沉气流都有利于其近地层内逆湿的形成。  相似文献   

A bin-microphysics cloud model with high-order, positive-definite advection     

Alexandre A. Costa  Gerson P. Almeida  Antnio Jos C. Sampaio 《Atmospheric Research》2000,55(3-4)

An axisymmetric, anelastic model of a convective cloud is described. The model comprises prognostic equations for the azimuthal vorticity, the perturbation potential temperature, the perturbation water vapor mixing ratio, 44 categories of cloud condensation nuclei, and 100 categories of liquid-phase hydrometeors. Results from a control simulation show that the model is capable to reproduce realistically the life cycle of a convective cloud including the production of warm rain.A discussion of the role of advection in bin-microphysics models is presented and sensitivity tests were performed regarding the order of advection. The results show that, although the global characteristics of all simulated clouds were similar, significant differences occur with respect to their microstructure, particularly close to the cloud edges, when the order of the advective scheme changes. The conclusion is that intermediate-order advection schemes can indeed be used in cloud-resolving simulations, as far only as the gross characteristics of the cloud/cloud system are being investigated, but not poor, low-order schemes. On the other hand, the sensitivity with respect to the advection suggests that the evaluation of cloud phenomena that occur in fine-scales, such as entrainment and certain microphysical and radiational processes, must require the use of accurate, higher-order schemes.  相似文献   

An unrealistic high-salinity tongue simulated in the tropical Atlantic: another example illustrating the need for a more careful treatment of vertical discretizations in OGCMs     

Andreas Oschlies   《Ocean Modelling》1999,1(2-4)

An unrealistically high-salinity maximum is found to develop in a high-resolution model of the north and equatorial Atlantic below the shallow halocline in the Gulf of Guinea. The spurious water mass with salinities too high by as much as 1 psu is formed when the vertical advection is treated by the standard central-differencing advection scheme. The problem is considerably reduced either by increasing the vertical resolution of the numerical grid, or by switching to a higher-order upwind-weighted scheme for vertical advection. This note stresses the need for a careful consideration of vertical discretization even in typical high-resolution ocean general circulation models (OGCMs). Particular attention is needed for studying heat and salt budgets or transports of biogeochemical tracers.  相似文献   

2012年2月22日江西平流雾过程的环流特征与诊断分析     

许彬  许爱华  陈翔翔 《气象与减灾研究》2013,(4):8-13

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对江西2012年2月22日的平流雾天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,低层850—925 hPa江南有暖脊发展,且西南气流与等温线交角较大时,暖湿平流的输送为平流雾的形成提供了有利的平流逆温层结和水汽条件。当地面西南倒槽向东北方向发展时,在700—850 hPa西南急流的南侧有辐散下沉气流,925 hPa到近地层有弱辐合上升气流,两支气流的垂直混合有利于水汽聚积在逆温层下而形成雾。平流雾易形成于低层回温最明显且与地面逆温强度最大的时段。  相似文献   

GRAPES模式中高精度正定保形物质平流方案的研究Ⅰ:理论方案设计与理想试验     

沈学顺  王明欢  肖锋 《气象学报》2011,69(1):1-15

平流计算的精度对数值模式的结果有着重要影响.如何在半拉格朗日模式中发展高阶精度的标量平流计算方案是提高半拉格朗日数值模式精度的重要问题.文中采用计算流体力学中一个新的高精度正定保形的物质平流方案,通过映射单元格方法将其与半拉格朗日模式结合起来,既保留了半拉格朗日时间积分方案中积分时间步长大、计算效率高的特点,又发挥新方...  相似文献   

A method to correct eddy covariance flux underestimates under an advective environment for arid or semi-arid regions     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

Water scarcity is one of the main factors limiting agricultural development in arid or semi-arid areas. Accurate Evapotranspiration (ET) observations and estimations are crucial in water cycle studies to estimate water losses from the terrestrial surfaces to the atmosphere to close the regional water budget. The eddy covariance (EC) method is an important technique measure ET and other land surface energy fluxes. However, the underestimation of energy fluxes and the problem of EC energy balance non-closure are far from solved. In this study, a new method is proposed to account for advection in order to correct EC data under advective environments. This advection based method was applied to data from Bushland, TX, which is subject to dry air and strong winds. Observations from two identical EC systems as well as two precision monolithic weighing lysimeters were used in this analysis. Both EC sites showed significant underestimates of evapotranspiration (ET) compared with lysimeter measurements. The daily energy balance closure for NE01 and SE02 sites were 0.78 and 0.74 respectively. The advection correction method provided improved performance in daytime, and it is more suitable for ET estimate than forcing closure under the advective environment. For nighttime, two methods (NCM1 and NCM2) were proposed to correct EC underestimates. Finally, all the corrected ET values were compared with the lysimeter measurements. For NE01 site, the MAD (mean absolute deviation) and the RMSD (root mean square deviation) were 47.72 W/m² and 67.66 W/m², respectively; and the r² (coefficient of determination) was 0.85. For SE02 site, the MAD and RMSD were 30.59 W/m² and 44.43 W/m²; and the r² was 0.93. The statistical measures illustrated that the proposed methods are functional and appropriate under an advective environment. The accurate estimate of actual evapotranspiration will benefit both the strategic planning of optimal water uses and the improved understanding the environmental and hydrological processes.  相似文献