Estimation of groundwater evaporation and salt flux from Owens Lake, California, USA   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

S. W. Tyler  S. Kranz  M. B. Parlange  J. Albertson  G. G. Katul  G. F. Cochran  B. A. Lyles  G. Holder 《Journal of Hydrology》1997,200(1-4):110-135

Groundwater evaporation and subsequent precipitation of soluble salts at Owens Lake in eastern California have created one of the single largest sources of airborne dust in the USA, yet the evaporation and salt flux have not been fully quantified. In this study, we compare eddy correlation, microlysimeters and solute profiling methods to determine their validity and sensitivity in playa environments. These techniques are often used to estimate evaporative losses, yet have not been critically compared at one field site to judge their relative effectiveness and accuracy. Results suggest that eddy correlation methods are the most widely applicable for the variety of conditions found on large playa lakes. Chloride profiling is shown to be highly sensitive to thermal and density-driven fluxes in the near surface and, as a result, appears to underestimate yearly groundwater evaporation. Yearly mean groundwater evaporation from the playa surface estimated from the three study areas was found to range from 88 to 104 mm year⁻¹, whereas mean evaporation from the brine-covered areas was 872 mm year⁻¹. Uncertainties on these mean rates were estimated to be ±25%, based on comparisons between eddy correlation and lysimeter estimates. On a yearly basis, evaporation accounts for approximately 47 × 10⁶ m³ of water loss from the playa surface and open-water areas of the lake. Over the playa area, as much as 7.5 × 10⁸ kg (7.5 × 10⁵ t) of salt are annually concentrated by evaporation at or near the playa surface, much of which appears to be lost during dust storms in area.  相似文献   

A bivariate meta-Gaussian density for use in hydrology   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

K. S. Kelly  R. Krzysztofowicz 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1997,11(1):17-31

Convenient bivariate densities found in the literature are often unsuitable for modeling hydrologic variates. They either constrain the range of association between variates, or fix the form of the marginal distributions. The bivariate meta-Gaussian density is constructed by embedding the normal quantile transform of each variate into the Gaussian law. The density can represent a full range of association between variates and admits arbitrarily specified marginal distributions. Modeling and estimation can be decomposed into i) independent analyses of the marginal distributions, and ii) investigation of the dependence structure. Both statistical and judgmental estimation procedures are possible. Some comparisons to recent applications of bivariate densities in the hydrologic literature motivate and illustrate the model.  相似文献   

Conceptually-based shot noise modeling of streamflows at short time interval     

Federico Murrone  Fabio Rossi  Pierluigi Claps 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1997,11(6):483-510

A conceptual-stochastic approach to short time runoff data modelling is proposed, according to the aim of reproducing the hydrological aspects of the streamflow process and of preserving as much as possible the dynamics of the process itself. This latter task implies preservation of streamflow characteristics at higher scales of aggregation and, within a conceptual framework, involves compatibility with models proposed for the runoff process at those scales. At a daily time scale the watershed response to the effective rainfall is considered as deriving from the response of three linear reservoirs, respectively representing contributions to streamflows of large deep aquifers, with over-year response lag, of aquifers which run dry by the end of the dry season and of subsurface runoff. The surface runoff component is regarded as an uncorrelated point process. Considering the occurrences of effective rainfall events as generated by an independent Poisson process, the output of the linear system represents a conceptually-based multiple shot noise process. Model identification and parameter estimation are supported by information related to the aggregated runoff process, in agreement to the conceptual framework proposed, and this allows parameter parsimony, efficient estimation and effectiveness of the streamflow reproduction. Good performances emerged from the model application and testing made with reference to some daily runoff series from Italian basins.  相似文献   

Organism relics or kerogens in oils as oil-source rock correlation indicator     

Suping Yao  Jingrong Zhang  Kuili Jin 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1997,40(3):253-258

Organism relics or kerogens in oils are first obsenred by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The complexes of kerogens in oils are characterized by the presence of a great variety of microfossils or macerals. These kerogens in oils are mainly the residues of the original organic substances from which oil formed, and minor kerogens from enclosing rocks enter the oils, therefore, the components and types of the kerogens in crude oils can serve as an indirect indicator of oil-source rock correlation. This method was applied to Jurassic oils in the Junggar Basin and the Turpan-Hami Basin, and there are two types of the kerogens in oils: one containing a lot of macerals from terrestrial plants may derive from coals, and the other, characterized by a high content of microscopic algae, fungus spores and Acritarch, may originate from Permian organic matter. In addition, the reflectance of the vitrodetrinites in oils can be used as an indicator of oil-source rock correlation.  相似文献   

孕震系统中的1/f噪声行为   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

安镇文  叶正仁 《地球物理学报》1997,40(3):380-385

根据自组织临界现象理论,研究7海城、唐山等7个大地震前、后中小地震的活动特征,计算了不同孕震时期地震活动的功率谱特征.初步结果表明描述地震活动的谱幂律指数p值在大震发生前有明显的增高倾向.主震前一年及主震当年,p值一般落在闪变噪声的谱域,其他时间一般很小.最后讨论了地震孕育的物理过程及孕震系统的稳定性.  相似文献   

扬子板块石炭纪沉积层序及其全球性对比研究   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8  

李儒峰  刘本培 《沉积学报》1997,15(3):23-28

通过对石炭纪扬子板块内部、扬子板块与华北板块及扬子板块与欧美板块之间的不同级别沉积层序对比研究，编制了扬子板块、华北板块和欧美板块石炭纪的海平面变化曲线。在扬子板块内部，上、下扬子区２级沉积层序可以进行对比，但下扬子区海进和海岸上超滞后于上扬子区，由于资料的限制，３级沉积层序的对比还有困难；华北板块Ｆｕｓｕｌｉｎａ－Ｆｕｓｕｌｉｎｅｌａ带内的一个３级沉积层序和Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｉｔｅｓ－Ｐｅｕｄｏｓｃｈｗａｇｅｒｉｎａ带内的四个３级沉积层序，可以和扬子板块同期的３级沉积层序对比；扬子板块和北美中大陆不仅３级沉积层序可以对比，而且在晚石炭世Ｇｚｈｅｌｉａｎ期４级沉积层序也可以进行对比，但由于它们大地构造背景的差异，导致沉积层序组成内容的不同。上述对比结果被认为是冰川型全球海平面变化所形成全球沉积记录同时性的证据。并以冰期与非冰期、联合古陆形成前后等方面对相同板块内和不同板块间沉积层序的数量和级别的异同原因进行了探讨，认为石炭纪冈瓦纳大陆冰川消长是控制全球海平面变化的主要因素，因此，沉积层序应具全球同时性和可对比性，但局部沉积条件差异也将影响沉积层序组成。  相似文献   

塔里木盆地油气资源的基本特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

陈正辅 《海相油气地质》1997,2(1):15-20

塔里木盆地成油气地质历史条件复杂，盆地内海陆相油气、不同成藏期油气、不同成熟度以及不同保存条件的油气并存。具海相古生界及陆相中－新生界两大烃源岩系，前者以奥陶系和石炭系为最好源岩，后者以三叠系和侏罗系最佳。烃源对比结果比较全面地反映了这一特点。石炭系、三叠系、白垩系和中新统均为重要的储油层系，其储集岩类古生界主要为白云岩，次为石灰岩，中－新生界主要为砂岩。成藏类型可分为六种：古生古储、后生古储、后  相似文献   

Fundamental study on the response characteristics of drivers during an earthquake based on driving simulator experiments     

Yoshihisa Maruyama  Fumio Yamazaki 《地震工程与结构动力学》2004,33(6):775-792

After the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the expressway structures in Japan were retrofitted and they will not now be seriously damaged under a certain level of strong earthquake motion. However, the stability of a moving vehicle has not been investigated yet. It has been reported that drivers feel seismically induced vibrations, especially in the transverse direction of vehicles. Owing to this phenomenon, drivers have some difficulty in controlling the vehicles during strong shaking. For further safety promotion of the expressway networks, it is important to understand the drivers' reactions to seismic motion. The present authors have performed a series of seismic response analyses of a moving vehicle to investigate its response characteristics based on numerical simulation. However, the responses of the driver were not considered in the simulation process. In order to investigate the drivers' reactions during an earthquake, a series of virtual tests were conducted using a driving simulator. This driving simulator has six servomotor‐powered electric actuators that control its motions. Several types of tests were carried out for different examinees to investigate drivers' responses while controlling the simulator under seismic motion. The results of this study showed that a larger response time lag to strong shaking and over turning of the steering wheel may shift the vehicle into the next lane. According to this finding, trafficaccidents could possibly occur under strong ground shaking in the case of heavy traffic. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

高密度电法中的"异常扩展效应"及归位计算方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

冯兵  张兴安  李有青 《物探与化探》2004,28(4):349-351,376

对高密度电法勘探的异常扩展效应问题进行了较深人的分析；提出了利用相关分析进行归位计算的方法。通过对球体及板状体的Pole-Pole、Wanner-alpha装置的异常归位计算，表明该方法对复杂异常的解释具有效果。  相似文献   

地下水水位时间序列中的混沌特征   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  

宋宇  陈家军  孙雄 《水文地质工程地质》2004,31(1):14-18

利用相空间重构技术、G -P算法以及Wolf提出的从单变量中提取Lyapunov指数的方法 ,分别计算了太原盆地 4组地下水水位时间序列的关联维数和Lyapunov指数。结果揭示在自然状态下 ,太原盆地某些孔隙潜水和孔隙承压水水位变化存在明显的混沌特征。这不仅为以后建立水位预测模型提供了理论依据 ,并且也为运用分形理论研究地质参数的时空变异性以及含水层结构的自相似性提供了进一步的支持。  相似文献