Richards Bay Harbour: metal exposure monitoring over the last 34 years     

Greenfield R  Wepener V  Degger N  Brink K 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(8):1926-1931

Richards Bay Harbour is South Africa’s premier bulk cargo port. It was constructed in the Mhlathuze estuary in 1976 and over the past 34 years has become South Africa’s most modern and largest cargo handling port. Although no official monitoring programme is in progress various studies by different groups have provided relevant data with respect to changing metal levels in brown mussel tissue (Perna perna) over the last 34 years. Eleven elements were analysed in brown mussels from the main channel in Richards Bay Harbour using ICP-MS. The results indicate that the metal concentrations in the mussel tissue remained relatively constant between 1974 and 2005. The mean metal concentrations increased significantly in 2005 possibly due to the construction of the new coal terminal and associated dredging activities. Mean metal concentrations in the 2008 sampling event were also elevated due to increased run off during an above average rainy season.  相似文献   

A spatial approach to baseline and leakage in CDM forest carbon sinks projects     

Michael Dutschke  Sonja Butzengeiger  Axel Michaelowa 《Climate Policy》2013,13(5):517-530

Abstract

Forestry projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) face specific challenges with regard to determination of a baseline for carbon sequestration. We propose a semi-standardized approach called PARAPIA for calculation of a baseline that is built on the concept of a reference area around the project area whose land-use characteristics determine the baseline scenario. The land-use shares in the reference area are checked at each verification. Baseline carbon stocks are then derived ex post using the average carbon content of each land-use type. The reference area is between five and ten times larger than the project area. To determine indirect effects (the so-called ‘leakage’), a political influence area such as province or state is assessed with regards to migration flows due to the project and related emissions.  相似文献   

Spain: words that succeed and climate policies that fail     

《Climate Policy》2013,13(1):19-33

Abstract

The two project-based Kyoto mechanisms, joint implementation (JI) and the clean development mechanism (CDM), require a determination of the “baseline”, the development of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the absence of the project. This paper examines, whether absolute (given in tCO₂ equivalent) or relative baselines (“benchmarks”, given, e.g. in tCO₂ equivalent/MWh) should be applied for JI/CDM projects in the energy sector. Accuracy of the GHG emission reduction and manageability of GHG emission balances are used as evaluation criteria. The results show that relative baselines are a more accurate instrument for the estimation of emission reductions in JI/CDM projects in the energy sector without posing significant additional risks to the management of GHG emission balances for large entities. In comparison to absolute baselines, relative baselines indicate in a more realistic and conservative manner the amount of emission reductions obtained in the energy system and give more appropriate incentives to project sponsors. The additional risks of relative baselines are likely to be small compared to the normal deviation of the domestic/internal GHG emissions. The findings are in line with the Marrakesh Accords, which set restrictions to application of absolute baselines.  相似文献   

VentBase: Developing a consensus among stakeholders in the deep-sea regarding environmental impact assessment for deep-sea mining–A workshop report     

《Marine Policy》2013

Mining seafloor massive sulfides for metals is an emergent industry faced with environmental management challenges. These revolve largely around limits to our current understanding of biological variability in marine systems, a challenge common to all marine environmental management. VentBase was established as a forum where academic, commercial, governmental, and non-governmental stakeholders can develop a consensus regarding the management of exploitative activities in the deep-sea. Participants advocate a precautionary approach with the incorporation of lessons learned from coastal studies. This workshop report from VentBase encourages the standardization of sampling methodologies for deep-sea environmental impact assessment. VentBase stresses the need for the collation of spatial data and importance of datasets amenable to robust statistical analyses. VentBase supports the identification of set-asides to prevent the local extirpation of vent-endemic communities and for the post-extraction recolonization of mine sites.  相似文献   

2008年秋季从化山谷风观测研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

张人文  范绍佳  李颖敏 《热带气象学报》2012,28(1):134-139

利用2008年10月15日—11月16日在广州从化获得的基线小球测风资料,分析研究了秋季从化山谷风的特征。研究表明:从化山谷风主要出现在系统风速小于1.5 m/s,谷风出现时间为10:00—18:00,山风强度比谷风强度大;山谷风厚度大致为300 m,回流出现高度在300～700 m;山谷风转换期间,静小风频率较高;系统风与山谷风方向相反时,山谷风高度内多为静小风。冷锋过境时不会出现山谷风。  相似文献   

Short Period Variations In Earth Rotation As Seen By VLBI     

Harald Schuh  Harald Schmitz-Hübsch 《Surveys in Geophysics》2000,21(5-6):499-520

An overview of the abilities of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to measure the variable Earth rotation and of the international VLBI collaboration is given. The paper concentrates on the short-period, i.e. subseasonal variations of Earth rotation which can be seen in VLBI measurements of length of day (lod) and polar motion between 1981 and 1999. The wavelet transform allows the time localisation of an irregular quasi-harmonic signal within a given data set. The wavelet analysis of lod series yields in the high-frequency range periods of 28 days, 14 days down to 6.86 days caused by the lunisolar tides and irregular quasi-periodic variations between 40 and 130 days. These are mainly associated with global zonal wind changes which can be seen when looking on the wavelet cross-scalogram between the lod series and the atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) time series. In polar motion variable periods between two and five months and even down to 7–10 days can be made visible by the wavelet scalograms.Today it is possible by VLBI to determine polar motion and UT1-UTC with a temporal resolution of as short as 3–7 minutes. The results of parallel VLBI sessions which took place since 1998 using two independent VLBI networks were analyzed in the subdiurnal period range and compared by computing the wavelet cross-scalograms, the covariance spectrum and the normed coherency. Periods between 5 and 7 hours can be seen in many of the UT1-UTC data sets besides the well-known diurnal and semi-diurnal periods. The wavelet analyses reveal interesting patterns in the subdiurnal range in polar motion, too.  相似文献   

FHD仪偏置线圈电流反向对D分量基线值的影响及修正方法     

高登平  李细顺  胡秀娟  解用明  王利兵  杨锐 《山西地震》2007,(3):34-36

在地磁连续观测中,需要通过分析计算观测数据对仪器的工作状态作出正确的判断,介绍了判断FHD仪偏置线圈电流是否反向的2种方法,研究了反向前后基线值的变化情况并提出了修正方法。  相似文献   

应用GAMIT软件进行高精度GPS定位解算   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李杰  王晓强 《内陆地震》2001,15(4):355-359

主要介绍了作为高精度的GPS基线处理软件GAMIT软件的构成及使用，通过算例说明在高精度网内利用GAMIT软件进行基线解算精度完全可以达到要求，从而满足地壳形变分析的需要。  相似文献   

Relative motions in Europe studied with a geodetic VLBI network     

Néstor Zarraoa  Antonio Rius  Esther Sardón  James W. Ryan 《Geophysical Journal International》1994,117(3):763-768

  相似文献   

GPS高程拟合法在工程测量中的应用     

李旷建  昊文祥  郭立权 《全球定位系统》2008,33(6):51-54

通过实例,分析了在没有重力勘测资料和地球重力场模型的情况下,利用GPS高程拟合解决架空输电线路工程的高程控制测量,从而满足架空输电线路工程中平断面图的高程测量精度要求;为提高GPS高程拟合精度,提出了在架空输电线路勘测工程中应注意的问题及经验。  相似文献