Limestone landform studies and their curriculum applications     

Keith Paterson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1987,12(5):575-581

This paper reviews the educational merits and application of limestone landform studies in British secondary schools and considers these in the context of recent developments within geomorphology and the geography curriculum. The relevance of both traditional and newer approaches to the field study of karstforms is highlighted together with developments in classroom activities. School-based work is shown to have benefitted considerably from advances in educational technology.  相似文献   

Numerical modeling of local scour due to submerged wall jets using a strict vertex-based,terrain conformal,moving-mesh technique in OpenFOAM     

《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(3):237-248

This study presents the implementation and validation of a new sediment-scour model with a strict vertex-based,terrain conformal,moving-mesh technique within the framework of OpenFOAM.OpenFOAM lacks the ability to simulate large-amplitude motion needed for analysis of sediment-scour problems,and,thus,its application normally is restricted to small-amplitude cases to prevent computational divergence due to mesh deterioration.The proposed simple,moving-mesh technique in OpenFOAM is implemented to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional automatic mesh-motion techniques in handling large-amplitude moving geometries.The model is used to simulate a simple case of prescribed boundary motion,a previous experiment in the literature,and a new laboratory experiment for local scour due to submerged wall jets.The results are compared with both the experimental and other numerical results.The comparisons demonstrate that the proposed model has the novel advantage of allowing for more severe topographic variations,and can provide more reliable predictions for the key characteristics and evolution of the bed profiles in wall jet scour problems.Furthermore,to improve the practice of modeling wall jet scour,various turbulence modeling approaches and bedload equations also are evaluated and compared.  相似文献   

雷暴云内电荷水平分布形式对闪电放电的影响   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

林辉  谭涌波  马宇翔  杜赛  周洁晨  仇梦扬 《应用气象学报》2018,29(3):374-384

为了定量探究雷暴云内电荷水平分布形式对闪电类型和先导传播行为的影响,建立了典型雷暴云电荷结构模型,引入控制电荷水平分布的参数,利用改进的随机放电参数化方案,开展二维高分辨率模拟试验。结果表明:主正电荷区电荷水平分布不均匀且向中心聚集时,产生的闪电类型多为正地闪和正极性云闪,随着电荷水平分布趋于均匀,闪电类型转变为负地闪;主负电荷区电荷水平分布趋于均匀时,闪电类型由负地闪向正极性云闪再向正地闪转变;闪电先导传播特征有较大差异,电荷分布密集不均匀时,先导被束缚在电荷高密度中心,主要在电荷区内发展,当电荷分布单一均匀时,先导能穿出电荷区并水平延伸十几至二十多千米。分析两个电荷区之间的电位分布发现,电荷区电荷水平分布趋于均匀时,位势线向电荷密度中心集中,整个位势阱水平延展,闪电触发点的初始电位值有较大差异,有利于闪电类型和先导传播行为的改变。  相似文献   

Numerical Analysis of Adaptation-to-capacity Length for Fluvial Sediment Transport     

LI Zhi-jing  CAO Zhi-xian  Gareth PENDER  HU Peng 《山地科学学报》2014,(6):1491-1498

Over the last several decades,various sediment transport capacity formulations have been used by geomorphologists and engineers to calculate fluvial morphological changes.However,it remains poorly understood if the adaptation to capacity could be fulfilled instantly in response to differing inflow discharges and sediment supplies,and thus if the calculation of morphological changes in rivers based on the assumed capacity status is fully justified.Here we present a numerical investigation on this issue.The distance required for sediment transport to adapt to capacity（i.e.,adaptation-to-capacity length） of both bed load and suspended sediment transport is computationally studied using a coupled shallow water hydrodynamic model,in line with varied inlet sediment concentrations.It is found that the adaptation-to-capacity length generally decreases as the Rouse number increases,irrespective of whether the inlet sediment concentration increases or reduces.For cases with vanishing inlet sediment concentration a unified relationship is found between the adaptation-to-capacity length and the Rouse number.Quantitatively,the adaptation-to-capacity length of bed load sediment is limited to tens of times of the flow depth,whilst that of suspended sediment increases substantially with decreasing Rouse number and can be up to hundreds of times of the flow depth.The present finding concurs that bed load sediment transport can adapt to capacity much more rapidly than suspended sediment transport,and it facilitates a quantitative criterion on which the applicability of bed load or suspended sediment transport capacity for natural rivers can be readily assessed.  相似文献   

Enrichment of Platinum-group Elements (PGE) and Re-Os Isotopic Tracing for Porphyry Copper (Gold) Deposits     

HE Xiaohu  ZHONG Hong  ZHU Weiguang  BAI Zhongjie  HU Wenjun 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(4):1288-1309

Platinum-group elements （PGE） in PGE-rich porphyry copper （gold） deposits are mainly Pt and Pd, whereas the concentrations of other PGE （Ru, Rh, Os, Ir） are significantly low. Moreover, Pt and Pd mainly exist in sulfides in the forms of crystal lattice or tiny platinum-group mineral （PGM） inclusions. The present data show that there is a positive relationship between Pt and Pd concentrations and Cu （Au） in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. The comparison of chondrite-normalized PGE distribution patterns between the ore-bearing porphyry intrusions and ore-barren porphyry intrusions in arc setting, 187^Os/188^Os, 87^Sr/86^Sr and S isotopes for porphyry copper （gold） deposits shows that PGEs were mainly derived from the mantle, and fluids from subduction zones devoted trivial PGE to the magma. The porphyry copper （gold） deposits associated with subducted events are most probably enriched in PGE, whereas those related to crustal thickening, lithospheric delamination or underplating rarely concentrate PGE. The osmium isotopic compositions in porphyry copper （gold） deposits reveal that （187^Os/188^Os）i values are highly variable and not lower than those of primitive upper mantle （PUM） and mantle peridotite, however, osmium concentrations are commonly lower than mantle peridotite, suggesting that parental magmas of some porphyry intrusions had experienced crustal contamination during magma evolution. Experimental investigations have proved that PGE exist in the forms of Cl^- and HS^- complexes during transportation and migration of the oreforming fluids. This paper summarizes previous studies including crucial controlling factors and mechanisms for PGE enrichment, and points out that the mantle-derived magmas parental to porphyry intrusions are the prerequisite for PGE enrichment in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. Favorable physical and chemical conditions （including salinity, temperature, pressure, pH, and oxygen fugacity） in hydrothermal fluids crucially control the  相似文献   

准噶尔盆地灰漠土无机磷形态及磷吸附特性研究     

何帅  尹飞虎  谢海霞 《干旱区地理》2017,40(5):1061-1069

选择新疆准噶尔盆地灰漠土作为研究对象,通过测定灰漠土中不同形态的无机磷素含量并进行土壤磷素等温吸附实验,研究灰漠土中各形态无机磷素的有效性和土壤磷吸附特征。结果表明,灰漠土中无机磷形态主要是Ca-P,占全磷含量75%以上,且以Ca₁₀-P形式为主,其次为Ca₈-P和Ca₂-P,无机磷中Al-P、Fe-P和O-P含量较少。全剖面中随着土层深度增加,Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P和Al-P占全磷总量的比例减少,Ca₁₀-P占全磷总量则有所增加,0~20 cm土层全磷和Olsen-P含量最高,分别平均为926 mg·kg^-1和51.54 mg·kg^-1。统计分析表明Ca₂-P、Al-P是最有效的磷源,Ca₈-P和Fe-P是第二有效磷源,O-P和Ca₁₀-P则是作物的潜在磷源。利用Langmuir方程拟合灰漠土的磷等温吸附曲线,得出土壤最大吸磷量（Xm）为957±629 mg·kg^-1,吸附参数（K）为149.285±89.225;灰漠土的粘粒含量对Xm影响最大,其次是有机质,pH值影响最小。  相似文献   

苏北东海水晶矿床的形成机理初探   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

郑大中  郑若锋 《江苏地质》2009,33(3):239-244

通过对硅的迁移形式和条件、苏北东海水晶矿床中石英流体包裹体的化学成分、部分飘动气体自然、晶洞与水晶的密切相关性以及水晶的共生伴生矿物等的研究,提出该矿床的形成机制为：在地球深部高温高压强还原富氢环境下,硅呈气态硅氢络合物活化并纯化、迁移至地壳浅部低温低压氧化环境,硅氢化物较快氧化形成石英脉,并在有利部位形成石英外壳（晶洞壳）,晶洞内的硅氢化物在温和稳定环境中缓慢氧化,并自由结晶分异纯化形成水晶矿床。  相似文献   

察尔汗盐湖S3盐层晶间卤水分异特征及成因的统计研究          下载免费PDF全文

徐少康 《盐湖研究》1993,1(4):9-20

1962年,苏联学者М.Г.Баляшко提出了干盐湖晶间卤水分异的成因理论一“重力垂直分异”说,后来,此理论被我国盐矿地质学家引用到察尔汗盐湖。本文首次在“系统论”思想指导下,及数理统计方法深入细致地研究了该湖S_3盐层晶间卤水分异特征,提出了新的晶间卤水分异成因理论—“阶段性淡化”说,具有重要的经济和理论意义。  相似文献   

金活动态提取ICP-MS法测定王家坪金矿床深穿透地球化学样品中的金     

杨海涛  康文贵  汪超  胡西顺  刘新伟 《岩矿测试》2021,(5):774-782

金属活动态测量方法是寻找隐伏矿的有效手段之一，但在方法应用过程中发现不同地球化学景观条件下金元素的有效活动态类型不尽相同，并且提取过程中固液比、温度、时间等条件会对活动态提取数据产生较大影响。为了探讨金元素活动态选择性提取及方法在秦岭地区的指示效果等问题，本文利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）分析技术对秦岭地区王家坪金矿床金元素活动态提取的不同实验条件及不同粒级样品进行对比研究，确定了针对金元素水提取态、黏土吸附态、有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态的最佳提取条件为：固液比1：5，提取时间24h，提取温度35℃，采样粒级为-80目。金元素四个相态的方法检出限分别为：水提取态0.03ng/g，黏土吸附态0.03ng/g，有机结合态0.04ng/g，铁锰氧化物结合态0.05ng/g，精密度（RSD）为7.25%～9.02%。该方法应用于王家坪金矿床23线，经分析金元素各形态平均含量为：水提取态0.19×10^-9，黏土吸附态0.30×10^-9，有机结合态11.16×10^-9，铁锰氧化物结合态0.20×10^-9，其中有机结合态为矿区土壤中金元素赋存的主要活动相态，金的有机结合态异常与隐伏金矿体位置一致。  相似文献