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51.
This study involves the development of the auxiliary stress approach for producing elastically-homogeneous lattice models of damage in geomaterials. The lattice models are based on random, three-dimensional assemblages of rigid-body-spring elements. Unlike conventional lattice or particle models, the elastic constants of a material (e.g., Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) are represented properly in both global and local senses, without any need for calibration. The proposed approach is demonstrated and validated through analyses of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems under uni- and tri-axial loading conditions. Comparisons are made with analytical solutions and finite element results. Thereafter, the model is used to simulate a series of standard laboratory tests: (a) split-cylinder tests, and (b) uniaxial compressive tests of sedimentary rocks at the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory in Hokkaido, Japan. Model inputs are based on physical quantities measured in the experiments. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results in terms of pre-peak stress-strain/displacement responses, strength measurements, and failure patterns. 相似文献
52.
Brittle faulting-related shear heating is important in petroleum geosciences, tectonics and seismic studies. Temporal variation of shear heat related temperature rise for rotational and roto-translational faults are investigated in this work. For planar fault planes, devoid of gouge and any secondary faulting, temperature rise is proportional to the coefficient of friction, and rate of (angular) slip. Tectonically realistic physical parameters for rotational faults, especially prolonged faulting, can significantly increase temperature by shear heating at shallow crustal depth, capable of thermal maturity of hydrocarbons. 相似文献
53.
研究了温度和应变率对岩石破裂强度的影响,得到了岩石圈中一些典型岩石破裂强度的新的经验规律.新的经验规律除考虑围压和标本尺度的影响外,还考虑了温度和应变率的影响,并增加了新岩石的结果,所以更能反映岩石圈内岩石破裂的真实状态.通过对鄂尔多斯平均流变结构的计算和对比研究表明：传统的忽略脆性破裂的流变模型过高地估计了流变强度,流变机制的分布也不尽合理.而考虑了脆性破裂机制的流变模型的结果表明脆性区分为两部分,浅部以摩擦滑动机制控制,深部以脆性破裂机制控制.由于新的经验规律考虑的代表性岩石更全面,并考虑了应变率的影响,得到的脆性区的范围进一步增大,流变强度进一步降低. 相似文献
54.
55.
Numerical Analyses of the Influence of Blast-Induced Damaged Rock Around Shallow Tunnels in Brittle Rock 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Most of the railway tunnels in Sweden are shallow-seated (<20 m of rock cover) and are located in hard brittle rock masses.
The majority of these tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting, which, consequently, result in the development of a
blast-induced damaged zone around the tunnel boundary. Theoretically, the presence of this zone, with its reduced strength
and stiffness, will affect the overall performance of the tunnel, as well as its construction and maintenance. The Swedish
Railroad Administration, therefore, uses a set of guidelines based on peak particle velocity models and perimeter blasting
to regulate the extent of damage due to blasting. However, the real effects of the damage caused by blasting around a shallow
tunnel and their criticality to the overall performance of the tunnel are yet to be quantified and, therefore, remain the
subject of research and investigation. This paper presents a numerical parametric study of blast-induced damage in rock. By
varying the strength and stiffness of the blast-induced damaged zone and other relevant parameters, the near-field rock mass
response was evaluated in terms of the effects on induced boundary stresses and ground deformation. The continuum method of
numerical analysis was used. The input parameters, particularly those relating to strength and stiffness, were estimated using
a systematic approach related to the fact that, at shallow depths, the stress and geologic conditions may be highly anisotropic.
Due to the lack of data on the post-failure characteristics of the rock mass, the traditional Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion
was assumed and used. The results clearly indicate that, as expected, the presence of the blast-induced damage zone does affect
the behaviour of the boundary stresses and ground deformation. Potential failure types occurring around the tunnel boundary
and their mechanisms have also been identified. 相似文献
56.
This paper deals with the tectonic control on the hydrothermal system that gave rise to Sb–Hg ore deposits in the Monte Amiata area that was one of the most relevant mining district for the exploitation of mercury in Italy. The study area (Selvena mining district) is located in southern Tuscany (inner Northern Apennines) one of the most important mineralized area in the western Mediterranean region. Southern Tuscany was severely affected by Middle–Late Miocene low-angle normal faults, later dissected by Pliocene–Pleistocene faults, coeval magmatism (Late Miocene–Pleistocene) and hydrothermal activity (Pliocene–Present). The Selvena mining district is located south of Middle Pleistocene Monte Amiata volcanic complex. Our structural and kinematic study is based on the integration among fieldwork, borehole and mine data. The results highlight two Pleistocene–Holocene left-lateral transtensional shear zones linked by normal faults, defining a coeval pull-apart structure. Here, the Sb–Hg mineralization, transported by meteoric hydrothermal fluids mainly, is particularly diffuse and concentrated in the cataclasites and in damage zones of the normal faults. Furthermore, a widespread mineralization also occurs in the cataclasites of Miocene low-angle normal faults. Mine evidence suggests that ore-bearing fluids percolated through structural conduits located along the fault planes and resulting parallel to the intermediate stress axis. Geological structures and ore deposit distribution are related to a single hydrothermal circuit, with meteoric water channelled to depth through conduits parallel to the intermediate stress axis of the transcurrent shear zones; then, hydrothermal fluids mainly ascended through the almost vertical deformation zones located at the intersection between normal and strike-slip faults. Thus, hydrothermal fluids permeated also the Middle–Late Miocene cataclasites. This study shed light on the relationships between geological structures and mineralization in southern Tuscany and underlines the importance to investigate mine areas to understand hydrothermal fluids path. 相似文献
57.
遥感图象的解译结果表明，环形构造与中强地震的关系密切。通过对环形构造控震作用的研究，指出了环形构造的控震模式及环形构造对地震构造环境的分析和地震预报的意义。 相似文献
58.
U. Ring 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1995,84(3):607-625
The results of a lithostratigraphic, tectonic and kinematic study of the Karoo deposits of northern Malawi are reported. The objective of the lithostratigraphic study is to correlate the deposits of the Karoo basins of northern Malawi with the well-known deposits of southern Tanzania, thus establishing a stratigraphic framework through which the timing of faulting can be constrained. The kinematic analysis of faulting constrains the opening direction for the Karoo graben in this area and provides basic data to discuss the Karoo graben development within the regional tectonic framework of south-eastern Africa. The studied adults are defined by moderately to steeply dipping cataclastic zones with a width of up to 15 m and are characterized by an array of slickensided fault surfaces with different orientations and slip directions. In this study, small faults (offset < 10 m) and meso-scale faults (offset > 10 m, but generally not exceeding 30–40 m) have been distinguished. Methods used to analyse the kinematic data include the ‘pressure tension’ (PT) method, which estimates the principal axes for the bulk brittle strain, and the internal rotation axis (IRA) method, which estimates the axis of bulk internal rotation and the overall sense of slip at the faults. A mass balance calculation reveals a volume increase of up to 16% during cataclastic deformation in the fault zones. The PT method shows an approximately east trending extension direction for faults that occur only in the latest Carboniferous (?) and Early Permian strata, whereas the fault kinematics from faults that cut middle Permian to Early Triassic rocks is characterized by a ESE to SE trending extension direction. The small faults yield essentially the same kinematic results as the meso-scale faults. In a transport-parallel cross-sectional view, the principal extension axes are at an acute angle of approximately 60° to the major fault planes. Given the moderate fault density, the relatively high angle between the orientation of the principal extension axis and the fault planes suggest only a moderate amount of horizontal extension across the Karoo graben of northern Malawi. Riedel structures in the fault zones formed within two conjugate sets of localized shear zones; slip on one set was top to the W/NW and, on the other, top to the E/SE. The two conjugate sets of Riedel structures have an acute angle about the regional shortening axes, implying that no pronounced rotation of the strain axes occurred. The internal rotation axes for the Riedel structures reveal a largely bimodal distribution and inferred weakly monoclinic to orthorhombic symmetry. Therefore the overall deformation during Karoo rifting in northern Malawi is interpreted to be close to a coaxial deformation with a limited amount of horizontal extension.[/p] 相似文献
59.
Eric Barrier Samir Bouaziz Jacques Angelier Gilles Creuzot Jamel Ouali Pierre Tricart 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1):39-57
AbstractA detailed analysis of brittle deformations in the Saharian platform of southern Tunisia is based on studies of fault-slip data sets and joint sets. It allows reconstruction of the Mesozoic paleostress evolution. During the Permo-Triassic, N-S extensions occurred with high late Permian subsidence rates. During the Norian, strike-slip movements reactivated former normal faults. During the Jurassic and the Cretaceous a succession of extensional events was characterized by : (1) a N-S extension which dominated from late Triassic to early Aptian. We relate this extension to the Africa-Eurasia divergence; (2) a ENE-WSW extension during the Cenomanian. We relate this extension to the opening of «he African basins ; (3) a NE-SW Senonian extension that continued during the Cenozoic in the Jeffara and in the Gabes Gulf, during the further evolution of the northern African margin. The various compressional trends recorded in the platform are attributed to Cenozoic events. 相似文献
60.
We performed a quantitative comparison of brittle thrust wedge experiments to evaluate the variability among analogue models and to appraise the reproducibility and limits of model interpretation. Fifteen analogue modeling laboratories participated in this benchmark initiative. Each laboratory received a shipment of the same type of quartz and corundum sand and all laboratories adhered to a stringent model building protocol and used the same type of foil to cover base and sidewalls of the sandbox. Sieve structure, sifting height, filling rate, and details on off-scraping of excess sand followed prescribed procedures.Our analogue benchmark shows that even for simple plane-strain experiments with prescribed stringent model construction techniques, quantitative model results show variability, most notably for surface slope, thrust spacing and number of forward and backthrusts. One of the sources of the variability in model results is related to slight variations in how sand is deposited in the sandbox. Small changes in sifting height, sifting rate, and scraping will result in slightly heterogeneous material bulk densities, which will affect the mechanical properties of the sand, and will result in lateral and vertical differences in peak and boundary friction angles, as well as cohesion values once the model is constructed. Initial variations in basal friction are inferred to play the most important role in causing model variability.Our comparison shows that the human factor plays a decisive role, and even when one modeler repeats the same experiment, quantitative model results still show variability. Our observations highlight the limits of up-scaling quantitative analogue model results to nature or for making comparisons with numerical models. The frictional behavior of sand is highly sensitive to small variations in material state or experimental set-up, and hence, it will remain difficult to scale quantitative results such as number of thrusts, thrust spacing, and pop-up width from model to nature. 相似文献