排序方式： 共有69条查询结果，搜索用时 171 毫秒
61.
U. Ring 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1995,84(3):607-625
The results of a lithostratigraphic, tectonic and kinematic study of the Karoo deposits of northern Malawi are reported. The objective of the lithostratigraphic study is to correlate the deposits of the Karoo basins of northern Malawi with the well-known deposits of southern Tanzania, thus establishing a stratigraphic framework through which the timing of faulting can be constrained. The kinematic analysis of faulting constrains the opening direction for the Karoo graben in this area and provides basic data to discuss the Karoo graben development within the regional tectonic framework of south-eastern Africa. The studied adults are defined by moderately to steeply dipping cataclastic zones with a width of up to 15 m and are characterized by an array of slickensided fault surfaces with different orientations and slip directions. In this study, small faults (offset < 10 m) and meso-scale faults (offset > 10 m, but generally not exceeding 30–40 m) have been distinguished. Methods used to analyse the kinematic data include the ‘pressure tension’ (PT) method, which estimates the principal axes for the bulk brittle strain, and the internal rotation axis (IRA) method, which estimates the axis of bulk internal rotation and the overall sense of slip at the faults. A mass balance calculation reveals a volume increase of up to 16% during cataclastic deformation in the fault zones. The PT method shows an approximately east trending extension direction for faults that occur only in the latest Carboniferous (?) and Early Permian strata, whereas the fault kinematics from faults that cut middle Permian to Early Triassic rocks is characterized by a ESE to SE trending extension direction. The small faults yield essentially the same kinematic results as the meso-scale faults. In a transport-parallel cross-sectional view, the principal extension axes are at an acute angle of approximately 60° to the major fault planes. Given the moderate fault density, the relatively high angle between the orientation of the principal extension axis and the fault planes suggest only a moderate amount of horizontal extension across the Karoo graben of northern Malawi. Riedel structures in the fault zones formed within two conjugate sets of localized shear zones; slip on one set was top to the W/NW and, on the other, top to the E/SE. The two conjugate sets of Riedel structures have an acute angle about the regional shortening axes, implying that no pronounced rotation of the strain axes occurred. The internal rotation axes for the Riedel structures reveal a largely bimodal distribution and inferred weakly monoclinic to orthorhombic symmetry. Therefore the overall deformation during Karoo rifting in northern Malawi is interpreted to be close to a coaxial deformation with a limited amount of horizontal extension.[/p] 相似文献
62.
IntroductionMarble has long been considered as an important material for modeling the deformation behaviorof crustal rocks, because such rocks can be ductillydeformed even at room temperature and pressure.Von Karman (1911 ) first studied the influence ofp… 相似文献
63.
Numerical Analyses of the Influence of Blast-Induced Damaged Rock Around Shallow Tunnels in Brittle Rock 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Most of the railway tunnels in Sweden are shallow-seated (<20 m of rock cover) and are located in hard brittle rock masses.
The majority of these tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting, which, consequently, result in the development of a
blast-induced damaged zone around the tunnel boundary. Theoretically, the presence of this zone, with its reduced strength
and stiffness, will affect the overall performance of the tunnel, as well as its construction and maintenance. The Swedish
Railroad Administration, therefore, uses a set of guidelines based on peak particle velocity models and perimeter blasting
to regulate the extent of damage due to blasting. However, the real effects of the damage caused by blasting around a shallow
tunnel and their criticality to the overall performance of the tunnel are yet to be quantified and, therefore, remain the
subject of research and investigation. This paper presents a numerical parametric study of blast-induced damage in rock. By
varying the strength and stiffness of the blast-induced damaged zone and other relevant parameters, the near-field rock mass
response was evaluated in terms of the effects on induced boundary stresses and ground deformation. The continuum method of
numerical analysis was used. The input parameters, particularly those relating to strength and stiffness, were estimated using
a systematic approach related to the fact that, at shallow depths, the stress and geologic conditions may be highly anisotropic.
Due to the lack of data on the post-failure characteristics of the rock mass, the traditional Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion
was assumed and used. The results clearly indicate that, as expected, the presence of the blast-induced damage zone does affect
the behaviour of the boundary stresses and ground deformation. Potential failure types occurring around the tunnel boundary
and their mechanisms have also been identified. 相似文献
64.
65.
The Bridgman ring experiment, in which a hard rubber ring slipped over a steel rod was observed to split when subjected to a hydrostatic confining pressure, was repeated with Pyrex glass rings. Three cases were studied, in which (a) both ring and rod were unjacketed, (b) the inner wall of the ring was sealed from the pressure medium and (c) both rod and ring were completely jacketed. In the first two cases the ring was observed to split abruptly, with a single axial crack when confining pressure reached a critical level. In the third case no abrupt failure occurred, but a number of axial cracks were found to have formed, grown stably, but not penetrated the outer wall of the ring. The first two cases are explained by hydraulic fracturing of the ring. Observations and analysis indicate that in the third case the cracks started at flaws on the inner surface of the ring and propagated outwards in a stable manner. This case, in which a tensile crack propagates in an all-around compressive stress field, provides some insight into axial cracking of rock in triaxial compression and tensile failure of rock under radial shock loading. 相似文献
66.
67.
前人研究认为构造煤是煤与瓦斯突出的必要条件,构造煤的分类对煤与瓦斯突出的预测和防治有重要意义。(1)根据构造煤参与煤与瓦斯突出过程的突出属性对构造煤重新进行了定义,认为构造煤是构造作用下强度降低、瓦斯异常的煤气双重介质,据此将构造煤划分为01类瓦斯构造煤和01类强度构造煤以及强度和瓦斯都变异的02类构造煤。(2)参考地质构造成因环境下岩石破坏的脆韧性划分方式,将突出属性分类与脆韧性的构造成因特性结合起来,划分出3类脆性构造煤和3类韧性构造煤,分别命名为01类脆性瓦斯构造煤、02类脆性构造煤等。(3)分析了构造煤在煤与瓦斯突出中的作用,低强度构造煤在其周围形成应力集中,瓦斯通过孔隙压力和吸附作用降低煤体强度,而高压瓦斯则是突出发展过程中煤体破坏和抛掷的重要动力源之一。(4)结合成因属性构造煤分类对各种地质因素对构造煤空间分布、构造煤瓦斯的生成和保存条件进行了分析。 相似文献
68.
This paper presents a numerical study of fracturing process induced by excavation around a gallery using an extended rigid block spring method (RBSM). The surrounding rock mass is characterized by an assembly of rigid blocks based on a degraded Voronoi diagram. The macroscopic mechanical behavior of rock is related to that of interfaces between blocks. The mechanical behavior of each interface is described by its elastic stiffness and failure criterion. The failure process of interface is controlled by both normal stress and shear stress. Both tensile and shear failures are considered. The macroscopic fracturing process is described by the coalescence of cracked interfaces. The rock structural anisotropy is taken into account through a spatial variation of elastic stiffness and failure strength of interfaces. A series of sensitivity studies are performed to investigate effects of gallery orientation, failure strength of interfaces and rock structural anisotropy on gallery deformation and fracturing. Numerical results are compared with in-situ observations in terms of fracture patterns. 相似文献
69.
西昆仑康西瓦断裂带西延特征及其构造意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
青藏高原西北部康西瓦走滑断裂带(Karakax fault)为一条经过长期演化且现今仍在活动的重要大型断裂带,该断裂对该地区形成演化起到至关重要的控制作用。目前大多学者们认为该断裂在东段沿喀拉喀什河谷大致呈东西走向延伸,后在其西段麻扎地区向北西方向延伸。然而,通过详细的野外地质调查在该断裂带西段的麻扎地区新发现了一条NEE-SWW向的断裂,将之命名为麻塔断裂。实测地质剖面和显微构造分析发现麻塔断裂与康西瓦断裂具有相似的几何学和运动学特征,同样经历了早期右旋逆冲的韧性走滑变形和后期左旋脆性走滑变形,理应划分为一条断裂,前者是后者自麻扎向西的延伸部分。麻塔-康西瓦断裂共同参与调节了自古生代以来板块碰撞拼合在青藏高原西北部的构造变形,现今西昆仑-帕米尔地区的构造地貌格局正是康西瓦和喀喇昆仑等大型断裂新生代活动而形成的。 相似文献