Sorption behavior of heavy metal pollutants onto shales and correlation with shale geochemistry     

S. Paikaray  S. Banerjee  S. Mukherji 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(8):1162-1170

The sorption of lead (II) and cadmium (II) on seven shales belonging to the Proterozoic Vindhyan basin, central India, and a black cotton soil, Mumbai, India, was studied and compared with sorbent geochemistry. The sorption equilibrium studies were conducted under completely mixed conditions in batch reactors (pH=5.0 and ionic strength= 0.01 M) at room temperature. The Freundlich model provided better fits to the experimental data compared to Langmuir model. High cadmium and lead sorption was observed for the calcareous shales with greater than 5% CaCO₃. The Freundlich isotherm parameter relating to sorption capacity, i.e., K_F, yielded a strong correlation with the calcium carbonate and calcium oxide content across the various geosorbents studied. The observed sorption pattern may be attributed to complex formation of CaCO₃ with Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ leading to surface precipitation. Moreover, the Ca²⁺ present in the sorbents may also involve in ion exchange reaction with lead and cadmium.  相似文献   

Effects of dry density and exchangeable cations on the diffusion process of sodium ions in compacted montmorillonite     

Tamotsu Kozaki  Seichi Sato 《Engineering Geology》2005,81(3):246-254

As a part of the safety assessment of the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste, the effects of dry density and exchangeable cations on the diffusion process of Na⁺ ions in compacted bentonite were studied from the viewpoint of the activation energy for diffusion. The apparent self-diffusion coefficients of Na⁺ ions in compacted Na-montmorillonite and in a Na- and Ca-montmorillonite mixture were determined by one-dimensional, non-steady diffusion experiments at different temperatures and dry densities. A unique change in activation energy as a function of dry density was found for the Na⁺ ions in compacted Na-montmorillonite. The activation energy suddenly decreased from 18.1 to 14.1 kJ mol^− 1 as the dry density increased from 0.9 to 1.0 Mg m^− 3, whereas it increased to 24.7 kJ mol^− 1 as the dry density increased to 1.8 Mg m^− 3. Examination of the effect of exchangeable cations on the activation energies determined that the activation energies were almost constant, approximately 25 kJ mol^− 1, for the montmorillonite specimens at a dry density of 1.8 Mg m^− 3. However, three different activation energy values were obtained at a dry density of 1.0 Mg m^− 3. These findings cannot be explained by the conventional diffusion model (the pore water diffusion model), which suggests that the predominant diffusion process alternates among pore water diffusion, interlayer diffusion, and external surface diffusion.  相似文献   

Detection of spatial variation in risk when using CAR models for smoothing relative risks     

M. D. Ugarte  B. Ibáñez  A. F. Militino 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2005,19(1):33-40

In this paper we derive score tests for spatial independence in mortality or incidence risk in the framework of hierarchical spatial models where different Gaussian Markov random field (MRF) priors are given for modelling the area random effects (specifically, two non-intrinsic Gaussian priors and a convolution Gaussian prior). The techniques used to test the practically relevant and important simplifying hypotheses of an absence of spatial variation in risk will provide a guidance for practitioners to select an adequate model (i.e., a model with an exchangeable-independent-prior, an intrinsic prior, a convolution prior or a non-intrinsic prior, for the area-specific random effects distribution). The proposed methodology is illustrated by analyzing the well-known data set of lip cancer in Scotland and female mortality due to cerebrovascular disease in Navarra, Spain.  相似文献   

In situ X-ray diffraction study of an aluminous phase in MORB under lower mantle conditions     

T. Sanehira  T. Irifune  T. Shinmei  F. Brunet  K. Funakoshi  A. Nozawa 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2006,33(1):28-34

In situ X-ray diffraction study was conducted to identify the crystal structure of the “Al-phase”, which was previously reported to form in basaltic compositions at pressures and temperatures of the uppermost part of the lower mantle. Le Bail whole-pattern fitting method was adopted to investigate the structure of the Al-phase under high pressure and temperature as well as ambient conditions. Observed patterns were satisfactorily fitted using the “hexagonal phase” with space group P6₃/m (plus minor amount of garnet) under both of these conditions. On the other hand, the calcium ferrite structure model proposed in some earlier studies based on quench experiments yielded profile-fitting results at significantly lower confidence levels, particularly at simultaneous high pressure and high temperature conditions, suggesting that this phase may not form in oceanic crust materials subducted in the uppermost lower mantle. The difference in densities of hexagonal and calcium ferrite phases, however, is only ~1% under pressures and temperatures of the uppermost part of the lower mantle conditions, which yields a negligible effect on the bulk density of the subducted oceanic crust.  相似文献   

Interaction of calcium dioleate collector colloids with calcite and fluorite surfaces as revealed by AFM force measurements and molecular dynamics simulation     

Keqing Fa  Anh V. Nguyen  Jan D. Miller 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006

Spherical calcium dioleate particles (∼ 10 μm in diameter) were used as AFM (atomic force microscope) probes to measure interaction forces of the collector colloid with calcite and fluorite surfaces. The attractive AFM force between the calcium dioleate sphere and the fluorite surface is strong and has a longer range than the DLVO (Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek) prediction. The repulsive AFM force between the calcium dioleate sphere and the fluorite surface does not agree with the DLVO prediction. Consideration of non-DLVO forces, including the attractive hydrophobic force, was necessary to explain the experimental results. The non-DLVO interactions considered were justified by the different interfacial water structures at fluorite– and calcite–water interfaces as revealed by the numerical computation experiments using molecular dynamics simulation. The density of interfacial water at the fluorite surface is low and the fluorite surface is not strongly wetted by water molecules. In contrast to the water at the fluorite surface, water molecules at the calcite surface form tightly packed monolayer structures and the calcite surface is extensively hydrated by water molecules. The interfacial water structure agrees with the AFM force measurements and the flotation recovery data. The strong attraction between the calcium dioleate colloid and the fluorite surface, and the moderately wetted fluorite surface by water molecules explain the better flotation response of fluorite with the oleate collector colloid.  相似文献   

First evidence of altered vitellogenin-like protein levels in clam Tapes philippinarum and in cockle Cerastoderma glaucum from the Lagoon of Venice     

Valerio Matozzo  Maria Gabriella Marin   《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,55(10-12):494

Possible xenoestrogenic effects were investigated, for the first time, in two bivalve species from the Lagoon of Venice (Italy): the clam Tapes philippinarum and the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum. Bivalves were collected far from their reproductive phase at the very early stage of gametogenesis (January), and in the pre-spawning period (June) in six sites. Vitellogenin (Vg)-like proteins (a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds) were measured by the alkali-labile phosphate method (ALP), in both haemolymph and digestive gland from males and females (when it was possible to distinguish sex by microscopic observation of gonadal tissue). Haemolymph calcium concentrations (a parameter considered closely related to the presence of Vg-like proteins) and the bivalve condition index (CI) were also measured. In both seasons, bivalves collected at Campalto (near a sewage treatment plant) and Marghera (a highly contaminated area) had higher Vg-like protein levels, particularly in haemolymph, than animals from the other sampling sites. Interestingly, CI had high values in these polluted sites. In June only, Vg-like proteins and Ca²⁺ levels in haemolymph exhibited similar trends in both bivalve species at most sampling sites. The responsiveness of bivalves to environmental xenoestrogens was higher in June, allowing better discrimination among sites. The present study demonstrates that animals from highly polluted areas have increased Vg-like protein levels. As endocrine disruption due to exposure to estrogenic compounds may cause fertility reduction, alterations in the sex ratio, and a decrease in reproductive rate, a condition of potential risk for bivalve populations in estuarine areas is highlighted.  相似文献   

三元体系CaCl₂-SrCl₂-H₂O相平衡在高钙锶比卤水体系中分离提取氯化锶的应用          下载免费PDF全文

韩海军  吉祥  陈烽雄  李家乐  黄军榜 《盐湖研究》2022,30(4):154-160, 153

采用等温溶解平衡法测定了三元体系CaCl₂-SrCl₂-H₂O温度在353.15 K时共饱和点的溶解度。基于实验结果和文献已有报道的该体系多温下的相平衡数据,模拟了南翼山油田卤水中氯化钙和氯化锶在温度323.15 K下的分离实验。模拟钙锶分离实验结果表明,物质的量比为25.41∶1的CaCl₂和SrCl₂的混合溶液在323.15 K下蒸发结晶提纯后的固相中钙锶物质的量比降低为1.73∶1,SrCl₂的回收率为52.47%,将所得一次固相产品在323.15 K下溶解并再次蒸发后,钙和锶的物质的量比从1.73∶1降至1.1∶1,SrCl₂的回收率为78.67%,SrCl₂的总回收率为41.28%。  相似文献   

网纹藤壶壳板矿化结构及其碳酸钙含量测定     

赖水发  陈新  彭明栋  张彬山  王芳  张哲进  唐敏 《海洋科学》2013,37(6):32-36

采用X射线衍射技术,初步研究了网纹藤壶(Balanus reticulates Utinomi)壳板矿化结构特征,并采用钙黄绿素法、钙-羧酸指示剂法和铬黑T指示剂三种方法测量了来自不同海域藤壶壳板的碳酸钙含量。实验发现,网纹藤壶壳板中的矿化组织主要由方解石构成,碳酸钙微晶体排列有一定的取向,较为复杂。海口和陵水两地藤壶壳板中碳酸钙含量没有显著差异(P<0.05),最大值为93.87%,最小值90.77%。尽管三种碳酸钙含量测量法的结果没有显著性差异(P<0.05),但进一步综合分析发现钙黄绿素法测定结果最为稳定,且简单易操作,可作为首选方法。  相似文献