Physiological effects of hypercapnia in the deep-sea bivalve Acesta excavata (Fabricius, 1779) (Bivalvia; Limidae)     

Hammer KM  Kristiansen E  Zachariassen KE 《Marine environmental research》2011,72(3):135-142

The option of storing CO₂ in subsea rock formations to mitigate future increases in atmospheric CO₂ may induce problems for animals in the deep sea. In the present study the deep-sea bivalve Acesta excavata was subjected to environmental hypercapnia (pHSW 6.35, PCO₂ = 33,000 μatm) corresponding to conditions reported from natural CO₂ seeps. Effects on acid–base status and metabolic rate were related to time of exposure and subsequent recovery. During exposure there was an uncompensated drop in both hemolymph and intracellular pH. Intracellular pH returned to control values, while extracellular pH remained significantly lower during recovery. Intracellular non-bicarbonate buffering capacity of the posterior adductor muscle of hypercapnic animals was significantly lower than control values, but this was not the case for the remaining tissues analyzed. Oxygen consumption initially dropped by 60%, but then increased during the final stages of exposure, which may suggest a higher tolerance to hypercapnia than expected for a deep-living species.  相似文献   

乌鲁木齐区域数值预报业务系统降水预报检验与评估分析     

杜娟  于晓晶  辛渝  李曼  马玉芬 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2016,10(6):31-40

基于乌鲁木齐区域数值预报业务系统,运用Ts和Bias评分方法,对2012年9月1日—2015年8月31日逐日2个起报时次的逐6 h累积降水量的年与季节预报性能进行检验,并从空间上分析了2015年全疆站点逐6 h累积降水量在4个预报时段的评分特征。结果表明:(1)2个起报时次的降水评分相差较小,00 UTC起报略优于12 UTC起报,2015年系统改进了白天大量级降水的空报现象。(2)系统对晴雨预报较为准确,Bias接近1,空报、漏报率很小;随着降水阈值的升高,Ts评分减小,Bias变幅增大,空、漏报率也随之增加。系统对强降水过程以漏报为主。(3)系统的降水预报能力存在季节差异,夏季Ts评分最高,秋季次之,冬季最小;随时间模式对四季降水预报能力均有提高,降低了冬季大量级降水的漏报率和夏季大量级降水的空报率。(4)在新疆地区,08—14 BT(Beijing Time)、14—20 BT、20—次日02 BT空报站点数多于漏报,14—20 BT空报率最高;在02—08 BT整体呈漏报。(5)各站点整体来看,白天Ts评分高于夜间,山区及邻近地区评分高于平原地区;西天山评分略优于东天山,夜间晴雨预报有天山北坡漏报、南坡空报的趋势。  相似文献   

页岩油化学生热原位转化开采理论与方法     

李守定  李晓  王思敬  马世伟  孙一鸣 《工程地质学报》2022,30(1):127-143

页岩油资源量潜力巨大,作为一种重要的接替能源,寻求页岩油的有效开发与经济利用的途径,对缓解能源供需矛盾具有重大的现实意义。在分析页岩油原位转化/改质各种方法优缺点的基础上,总结了页岩油裂解生烃转化的温度时间条件与结构演化特征,根据物质与能量平衡原理,提出了页岩油化学生热原位转化开采理论与方法,论证了该方法温度水平、热量供给和固相体积变化等技术可行性,提出了关键技术可能突破的工艺路径。得出了如下结论:当前中低成熟度页岩油和油页岩地下原位转化/改质方法主要面临热效率低、污染风险高和储层沉降失稳等瓶颈难题; 提出了页岩油化学生热原位开采理论,采用氧化钙与水反应为有机质原位转化提供热量,通过热量平衡与固相物质平衡分析、高压氧化钙水解试验,证明了该理论方法的技术可行性和经济性; 建立了页岩油化学生热原位转化开采方法,提出了氧化钙粉末表面包覆改性、氧化钙微球、氧化钙羟基注入液、高压空气氧化钙粉末注入等核心技术工艺路径。  相似文献   

Modelling the Kinetics of Calcium Hydroxide Dissolution in Water     

K. Johannsen  S. Rademacher 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1999,27(2):72-78

In water treatment calcium hydroxide is used in softening and decarbonization techniques as well as in stabilization processes. Due to its slight solubility calcium hydroxide is applied as suspension. The dissolution kinetics plays a major role in these processes. For the characterization of calcium hydroxide dissolution empirical methods exist. These methods allow relative comparison of different calcium hydroxide products. Thus in this study a dissolution rate model is presented that is based on the chemical reactions determining the dissolution. This model allows to predict the dissolution with respect to particle diameter and temperature. However, the most important factor is the particle diameter i.e. the total surface of particles in solution. Furthermore an effect of the dosed amount of calcium hydroxide particles on the solubility was found.  相似文献   

谁是我们的朋友，谁是我们的“敌人”？     

王丰龙  司月芳  傅行行  刘云刚 《世界地理研究》2020,29(2):252-263

地缘政治问题是人文地理学新兴的研究热点。但是,已有研究多基于地理环境要素分析国家的地缘环境或定性讨论地缘战略,很少从双边联系角度定量刻画国家间的地缘关系;现有研究的理论基础也比较薄弱。本文基于地缘政治准则理论,运用1971至2017年联合国投票数据和S分值等方法,从中国与其他国家间关系的历史阶段、友好程度和集团归属三个方面定量分析了世界其他国家对中国的友好程度及其地理分布,并针对中美贸易战的背景指出了中国当前的“朋友”和“敌人”。本文进一步运用面板回归模型分析了中国与世界其他各国的非政治双边关系及其发展水平对中国地缘政治准则的影响,论证了地理距离、经济、技术等因素对地缘关系的影响。本文的分析结果对于加强政治地理学的量化分析有启发作用,也能够为中国更好地处理国际关系和制定地缘政治战略提供参考。  相似文献   

浓氯化钙水溶液中高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇:分子动力学模拟研究          下载免费PDF全文

王语林  唐剑峰  张宁 《盐湖研究》2020,28(3):34-42

采用分子动力学(MD)模拟研究了5.55 mol·kg~(-1)氯化钙溶液的微观结构特征,尤其是溶液中高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇的结构与性质,探究了温度对于高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇的影响。结果显示,5.55 mol·kg~(-1)氯化钙溶液中,除形成[CaCl]~+、[CaCl_2]~0离子对外,还存在一些高配位[CaCl_x]~(2-)~x(x=3～6)离子团簇。高配位[CaCl_x]~(2-)~x(x=3～6)离子团簇在5.55 mol·kg~(-1)氯化钙溶液中介稳存在,易解离或进一步缔合形成更大Ca-Cl离子团簇,这可能与溶液中大量未完全水合Ca~(2+)对高配位[CaCl_x]~(2-)~x(x=3～6)离子团簇水壳层的扰动破坏有关。温度升高,氯化钙溶液中Ca-Cl离子缔合增强,但高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇的平均存在时间(t_(av))减小,这表示高温下溶液中Ca-Cl离子团簇频繁地解离与缔合,离子团聚趋势更为显著。本工作观测到的高配位[CaCl_x]~(2-)~x(x=3～6)离子团簇可能是浓氯化钙溶液Ca-Cl离子缔合过程中一种热力学不稳定结构,但这些高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇的形成可能对溶液结晶及相关化学过程产生不利影响。  相似文献   

Abschätzung und Beeinflussbarkeit der Arsenmobilität in kontaminierten Böden     

Franka Dankwarth  Joachim Gerth 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2002,30(1):41-48

Assessment and Modification of Arsenic Mobility in Contaminated Soil Arsenic concentration in the seepage of contaminated soils of an old tannery site is assessed using batch and column experiments. The effect of reducing conditions, pH, and ionic strength is also investigated. The iron oxide rich subsoil (C‐horizon) is the main source of groundwater pollution with arsenic. In this horizon, mobilization can increase as a result of reducing conditions upon periodical water saturation. Therefore, the potentially mobile arsenic is determined by a reductive dissolution of the poorly crystalline iron oxide fraction using 0.1 M ascorbic acid. Arsenic concentration can be reduced from 100 μg/L to below 20 μg/L by an increase of ionic strength (e.g. by a 0.01 M CaCl₂ solution). Arsenic contaminated soils should be limed regularly in order to maintain the highest possible calcium concentration in the soil solution.  相似文献   

Structural characterisation of the high-pressure phase CaAl4Si2O11     

L. Gautron  R. J. Angel  R. Miletich 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1999,27(1):47-51

Single crystals of CaAl₄Si₂O₁₁ were synthesised at 1,500?°C and 14 GPa in a multi-anvil press, and the structure of the phase determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at room conditions. The structure-type is that of the “hexagonal barium ferrites”. The space group of the average structure is P6 ₃ /mmc and the cell parameters are a?=?5.4223(4) Å, c?=?12.7041(6) Å, V?=?323.28(5) ų, with Z?=?2, and its density is 3.905?g?cm^?3, which is reasonable for a high-pressure alumino-silicate phase. The 22 oxygen and two calcium atoms within the unit-cell form an approximate hexagonal-close-packed array. Ten of the twelve octahedral interstices within this array that have only oxygen atoms for apices are filled with Si and/or Al. M1 octahedra share edges to form a spinel-like sheet of octahedra. The average bond length ?=?1.833 Å suggests mixed occupancy by Si and Al. The M1 octahedral sheets are linked by shared corners to pairs of face-sharing M2 octahedra containing Al, with ?= 1.918 Å. The remaining two cations of the unit-cell contents statistically occupy four tetrahedrally-coordinated interstices, which occur as face-sharing pairs. The average bond length for these sites (1.742 Å) suggests that they are occupied by Al, although Si occupancy cannot be excluded by the data. It is proposed that only one interstice of each pair is locally occupied, with the possibility of some short-range ordering of such occupancies. Complete long-range order leading to the acentric space group P6 ₃ mc is excluded by the data, as is the possibility of the average structure being comprised of merohedral (0?0?0?1) twins of P6 ₃ mc symmetry.  相似文献   

月动力延伸预报产品的评估和解释应用   总被引：25，自引：9，他引：16  

陈丽娟  李维京 《应用气象学报》1999,10(4):486-490

该文用3种客观评分方法对国家气候中心的月动力延伸预报结果（500 hPa位势高度场）进行了全面评估。结果表明,延伸预报环流的旬和月平均场预报准确率明显高于持续性预报,有一定的预报技巧和业务参考价值,但仍未达到可用于实际业务预报的技巧。对形势预报进一步分析发现,500 hPa的部分环流特征量模拟效果好,其预报技巧高于整个形势场的预报。根据已有的经验和研究成果,这些环流特征量和要素预报有较好的相关,可以直接在业务中应用。该方法为动力产品的解释应用提供了又一条途径。  相似文献   

Chemical mass balance of calcrete genesis on the Toledo granite (Spain)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Arnaud Chiquet  Fabrice Colin  Bruno Hamelin  Annie Michard  Daniel Nahon   《Chemical Geology》2000,170(1-4):19-35

The chemical mass balance of calcrete genesis is studied on a typical sequence developed in granite, in the Toledo mountains, Central Spain.

Field evidence and petrographic observations indicate that the texture and the bulk volume of the parent rock are strictly preserved all along the studied calcrete profile.

Microscopic observations indicate that the calcitization process starts within the saprolite, superimposed on the usual mechanisms of granite weathering: the fresh rock is first weathered to secondary clays, mainly smectites, which are then pseudomorphically replaced by calcite. Based on this evidence, chemical mass transfers are calculated, assuming iso-volume transformation from the parent rock to the calcrete.

The mass balance results show the increasing loss of matter due to weathering of the primary phases, from the saprolite towards the calcrete layers higher in the sequence. Zr, Ti or Th, which are classically considered as immobile during weathering, are also depleted along the profile, especially in the calcrete layer. This results from the prevailing highly alkaline conditions, which could account for the simultaneous precipitation of CaCO₃ and silicate dissolution.

The calculated budget suggests that the elements exported from the weathering profile are provided dominantly by the weathering of plagioclase and biotite. We calculate that 8–42% of the original Ca remains in granitic relics, while only 15% of the authigenic Ca released by weathering is reincorporated in the calcite. This suggests that 373 kg/m² of calcium (i.e., three times the original amount) is imported into the calcrete from allochtonous sources, probably due to aeolian transport from distant limestone formations.  相似文献