松嫩平原内陆盐碱湿地的类型特征及分布规律   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

万忠娟  于少鹏  王海霞  孙广友 《湿地科学》2003,1(2):141-146

内陆盐碱湿地是湿地的重要组成部分,其类型、特征及分布规律的研究十分薄弱。松嫩平原是世界上内陆盐碱湿地发育的典型地区之一。本文参考国内外湿地分类标准,结合松嫩平原的特点,建立了内陆盐碱湿地的分类体系,将该区的盐碱湿地划分为2个湿地类,6个湿地型,13个湿地亚型,描述了各类型的主要特征,并阐述了松嫩平原内陆盐碱湿地的分布规律。这对我国的湿地分类系统是一个重要的补充,对进一步实施内陆盐碱湿地的保护、恢复和重建,促进松嫩平原社会经济和环境的可持续发展都具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Late Pleistocene–Holocene hydrologic changes in the interfluve areas of the central Ganga Plain, India     

Pradeep Srivastava  Indra Bir Singh  Shikha Sharma  Uma Kant Shukla  Ashok Kumar Singhvi   《Geomorphology》2003,54(3-4):279-292

Abandoned channel belts, ponds and point bar deposits of palaeochannels in the interfluve regions of the central Ganga Plain suggest changes in the morphohydrologic conditions during the Latest Pleistocene–Holocene. Stratigraphy of these ponds comprises channel sand at the base overlain by shell-bearing clayey silt. The contact of the two facies marks the phase when channels converted into standing water bodies. Point bar deposits of some palaeochannels are overlain by oxidised aeolian sand, indicating that the channel abandonment possibly occurred due to the desiccation and aridity in the region.Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) chronometry of the pond sediments suggests that the deposition of the basal channel sand started before 13 ka and continued up to 8 ka. The ponds formed around 8–6 ka when the channel activity ceased. Evidence from the point bar deposits also indicates that the fluvial activity in the region ended sometime during 7–5 ka. This was followed by aeolian aggradation. The present study thus suggests that the hydrologic conditions in the Gangetic plains, i.e. initiation of channels and their abandonment, formation of microgeomorphologic features such as ponds and their eventual siltation, were controlled largely by climatic changes (i.e. monsoon changes) supported by tectonic activity. For the past 2 ka, increasing human and related agricultural activity has substantially accentuated the natural siltation rate of ponds.  相似文献   

平原水库饮用水水质净化的有效途径   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李兰贵  牛建辉  胡荣花  赵卫国 《地下水》2003,25(3):178-180

针对地表饮用水水源地蓄水后水质发生变化的情况，结合平原水库工程管理和水源保护工作的实践，分析了地表饮用水水源地产生富营养化的原因及危害，阐述了生物净化水质的机理，提出了利用生物净化水质技术，通过对生物种群结构和生物量的科学调控，消耗水体中的营养物质，达到既能充分利用营养资源，又可净化水质，改善水体环境的理想效果，为地表饮水水源地的水质净化找到了有效途径和方法。  相似文献   

华北地区农业干旱预测模型及其应用研究   总被引：23，自引：8，他引：23       下载免费PDF全文

刘建栋王馥棠  于强王建林  毕建杰樊广华 《应用气象学报》2003,14(5):593-604

对华北地区冬小麦进行了水分胁迫实验，确定了冬小麦光合作用速率对水分胁迫的响应曲线，提出了农业干旱指数和农业干旱预警指数两个基本概念，在此基础上建立了具有明确生物学机理的华北农业干旱预测数值模式。对北京、石家庄、郑州和济南1998年至2000年432旬的农业干旱模拟结果表明:农业干旱预警定性准确率为90.7%，定量准确率在87.5%左右；此外，模拟表明模式也可以对区域农业干旱进行准确有效的预测。利用1961~2000年气象资料对北京等地区历年农业干旱进行数值分析，结果表明:不同于大气干旱，在自然气象条件下，北京等地区作物生长期内几乎每年都存在农业干旱现象，特别是冬小麦灌浆至成熟期每年均存在一次较为严重的农业干旱胁迫过程，但农业干旱胁迫程度年际间存在一定波动，功率谱分析表明其具有3~6年的周期变化规律。对平均气候状况下华北地区农业干旱进行了时空动态分析，结果发现在自然条件下，华北大部分地区冬小麦4月下旬至5月下旬，即大约在冬小麦开花、灌浆至成熟期，农业干旱胁迫指数存在一种自然的逐渐加强的动态过程，这与华北地区的农业生产实践是基本一致的。  相似文献   

Influence of Changes in the Prevailing Synoptic Conditions on the Response of Aerosol Characteristics to Land- and Sea-Breeze Circulations at a Coastal Station     

K. Krishna Moorthy  Preetha S. Pillai  S. Suresh Babu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,108(1):145-161

The changes in the response of near surfaceaerosol properties to land- and sea-breezecirculations, associated with the changes in the prevailing synoptic meteorological conditions, are examined for a tropical coastal station. Aerosol properties are nearly similar in both the breeze regimes (land and sea) during seasons of marine airmass while they are distinct during seasons of continental airmass. As the prevailing winds shift from continental to marine and the ambient weather changes from winter conditions to the humid monsoon season, the submicron mode, which dominated the aerosol mass-size distribution, is largely suppressed and the dominance of the super micron mode increases. During periods of continental air mass (winter), the aerosol loading is significantly higher in the land-breeze regime, (particularly in the submicron range) but as the winds shift to marine, the loading initially becomes insensitive to the breeze regimes and later becomes higher in the sea-breeze regime, particularly in the super micron range.  相似文献   

PELIMINARY ANALYSES FOR CROP WATER CONSUMPTION BY USING LYSIMETER     

Chen Jianyao Wu Kai Institute of Geography  CAS  Beijing People''s Republic of China 《地理学报(英文版)》1997,(3)

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Evolution of Quaternary groundwater system in North China Plain   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Zonghu Zhang  Dehong Shi  Fuhong Ren  Zhengzhou Yin  Jichao Sun  Cuiyun Zhang 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1997,40(3):276-283

The Quaternary groundwater system in the North China Plain is formed mainly through the terrestrial water flow action on the united geological and tectonic backgrounds. The analysis of groundwater dynamic field, simulation of groundwater geochemistry, and the¹⁴C dating and extraction of isotope information have provided more evidence for recognizing and assessing the evolution of groundwater circulation system and studying the past global changes. The exploitation and utilization of groundwater on a large scale and overexploitation have given rise to the decline of regional groundwater level, change of flow field, decrease of water resources and downward movement of saline water body. The water environment has entered a new evolution stage in which it is intensely disturbed by the mankind’s activities. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.  相似文献   

A model for grain-size sorting over tidal sand ridges     

M. Walgreen  H.E. de Swart  D. Calvete 《Ocean Dynamics》2004,54(3-4):374-384

A model was developed and analyzed to quantify the effect of graded sediment on the formation of tidal sand ridges. Field data reveal coarse (fine) sediment at the crests (in the troughs), but often phase shifts between the mean grain-size distribution and the bottom topography occur. Following earlier work, this study is based on a linear stability analysis of a basic state with respect to small bottom perturbations. The basic state describes an alongshore tidal current on a coastal shelf. Sediment is transported as bed load and dynamic hiding effects are accounted for. A one-layer model for the bed evolution is used and two grain size classes (fine and coarse sand) are considered. Results indicate an increase in growth and migration rates of tidal sand ridges for a bimodal mixture, whilst the wavelength of the ridges remains unchanged. A symmetrical externally forced tidal current results in a grain-size distribution which is in phase with the ridges. Incorporation of an additional external M₄ tidal constituent or a steady current results in a phase shift between the grain-size distribution and ridge topography. These results show a general agreement with observations. The physical mechanism responsible for the observed grain-size distribution over the ridges is also discussed.Responsible Editor: Jens Kappenberg  相似文献   

Inferring the mass fraction of floc-deposited mud: application to fine-grained turbidites   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

K. J. Curran  P. S. Hill  T. M. Schell  T. G. Milligan†  D. J. W. Piper‡ 《Sedimentology》2004,51(5):927-944

Fine sediment deposition in the ocean is complicated by the cohesive nature of muds and their tendency to flocculate. The result is disaggregated inorganic grain size (DIGS) distributions of bottom sediment that are influenced by single‐grain and floc deposition. This study outlines a parametric model that characterizes bottom sediment DIGS distributions. Modelled parameters are then used to infer depositional conditions that account for the regional variation in the grain sizes deposited by turbidity currents on the Laurentian Fan–Sohm Abyssal Plain, offshore south‐eastern Canada. Results indicate that, on the channellized Laurentian Fan, the mass fraction of floc‐deposited mud increases only slightly downslope. The small evolution in this fraction arises because sediment concentration and turbulent energy are associated in turbidity currents. On the Sohm Abyssal Plain, however, the mass fraction of floc‐deposited mud decreases, probably as a result of lower sediment concentration at this source‐distal site. Estimates of the mass fraction of mud deposited as flocs suggest that floc deposition is the dominant mode by which sediment is lost from suspension, although single‐grain deposition contributes more to the depositional flux in proximal areas where high energy breaks flocs and in distal areas where low sediment concentration limits floc formation. It is concluded that, throughout the dispersal system, changes in the fraction of flocculated mud deposited from turbidity currents reflect changes in sediment concentration and energy downslope.  相似文献   

Environmental impact of an urban landfill on a coastal aquifer (El Jadida, Morocco)     

Amina Chofqi  Abedelkader Younsi  El Kbir Lhadi  Jacky Mania  Jacques Mudry  Alain Veron 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2004,39(3-5):509

The El Jadida landfill is one among many uncontrolled dumping sites in Morocco with no bottom liner. About 150 tons/day of solid wastes from mixed urban and industrial origins are placed directly on the ground. At the site of this landfill, the groundwaters circulate deeply (10–15 m) in the Cenomanian rock (calcareous–marl), which is characterised by an important permeability from cracks. The soil is sand–clay characterized by a weak coefficient of retention.The phreatic water ascends to the bottom of three quarries, which are located within the landfill. These circumstances, along with the lack of a leachate collection system, worsen the risks for a potential deterioration of the aquifer.To evaluate groundwater pollution due to this urban landfill, piezometric level and geochemical analyses have been monitored since 1999 on 60 wells. The landfill leachate has been collected from the three quarries that are located within the landfill. The average results of geochemical analyses show an important polluant charge vehiculed by landfill leachate (chloride = 5680 mg l⁻¹, chemical oxygen demand = 1000 mg l⁻¹, iron = 23 000 μg l⁻¹). They show also an important qualitative degradation of the groundwater, especially in the parts situated in the down gradient area and in direct proximity to the landfill. In these polluted zones, we have observed the following values: higher than 4.5 mS cm⁻¹ in electric conductivity, 1620 and 1000 mg l⁻¹ respectively in chlorides and sulfate (), 15–25 μg l⁻¹ in cadmium, and 60–100 μg l⁻¹ in chromium. These concentrations widely exceed the standard values for potable water.Several determining factors in the evolution of groundwater contamination have been highlighted, such as (1) depth of the water table, (2) permeability of soil and unsaturated zone, (3) effective infiltration, (4) humidity and (5) absence of a system for leachate drainage. So, to reduce the pollution risks of the groundwater, it is necessary to set a system of collection, drainage and treatment of landfill leachates and to emplace an impermeable surface at the site of landfill, in order to limit the infiltration of leachate.  相似文献