新疆克孜尔水库诱发地震的形成条件和诱发机制问题初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

翟世龙 《内陆地震》2002,16(1):89-96

克孜尔水库自 1991年 8月下闸蓄水后 ,穿过水库大坝的 F2 活断层 (克孜尔活断层 )出现了水平和垂直形变的特大异常变化。分析后认为是前期水库施工开挖土石方、填筑土石方及水库蓄水引起地面负荷变化的综合效应所致 ,同时地震活动规律也产生了与形变同步的异常变化。综合测震、水文、地质分析认为 :1水库蓄水可以诱发地震 ,震级主要在 MS3.0级以下 ;2蓄水诱发 F1活断层 (却勒塔格活断层 )上中等地震的可能性比较大 ,而诱发 F2 活断层上中等地震的可能性则很小  相似文献   

Development of faults as zones of deformation bands and as slip surfaces in sandstone   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Atilla Aydin  Arvid M. Johnson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):931-942

Three forms of fault are recognized in Entrada and Navajo Sandstones in the San Rafael Desert, southeastern Utah; deformation bands, zones of deformation bands, and slip surfaces. Small faults occur asdeformation bands, about one millimeter thick, in which pores collapse and sand grains fracture, and along which there are shear displacements on the order of a few millimeters or centimeters. Two or more deformation bands adjacent to each other, which share the same average strike and dip, form azone of deformation bands. A zone becomes thicker by addition of new bands, side by side. Displacement across a zone is the sum of displacements on each individual band. The thickest zones are about 0.5 m and total displacement across a thick zone rarely exceeds 30 cm. Finally,slip surfaces, which are through-going surfaces of discontinuity in displacement, form at either edge of zones of highly concentrated deformation bands. In contrast with individual deformation bands and zones of deformation bands, slip surfaces accommodate large displacements, on the order of several meters in the San Rafael Desert.The sequence of development is from individual deformation bands, to zones, to slip surfaces, and each type of faulting apparently is controlled by somewhat different processes. The formation of zones apparently involves strain hardening, whereas the formation of slip surfaces probably involves strain softening of crushed sandstone.  相似文献   

Small faults formed as deformation bands in sandstone   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

Atilla Aydin 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):913-930

Small faults with displacements of a few millimeters or centimeters are abundant in the Entrada and Navajo Sandstones, in the San Rafael Desert, Utah, where they are important primary structures, preceding the development of large faults with displacements of several meters or tens of meters. The small faults contain no surfaces of discontinuity, rather they occur asdeformation bands about one millimeter and tens or hundreds of meters long, and across which the displacements are distributed. Two zones with different modes of deformation can be distinguished within a deformation band: an outer zone where the matrix, including pores and matrix material, deforms; and an inner zone, about 0.5 mm thick, where the sand grains fracture and further consolidation takes place. Fracturing of the grains is controlled by contact geometry; the grains tend to split into subgrains along lines connecting contact points between the grains. Then the angular subgrains, which are readily fractured, are further granulated and mixed with the matrix. The final product is the deformation band, with much smaller grain size, poorer sorting, and lower porosity than the original parent sandstone. The sandstone on either side of a deformation band is almost undisturbed-fractures are rare there — so that deformation is highly localized within the band. The material within a deformation band apparently strain hardens as a result of the deformation; perhaps this is why the shear displacement across a deformation band is at most a few centimeters.  相似文献   

环渤海地区形变及应变的中短期异常特征     

李杰  冯志军  王术江 《高原地震》1999,(3)

较系统处理分析了环渤海地区地形变资料,着重对１９７５年以来环渤海地区发生的部分强震、中强震震前出现的地形变异常特征进行了全面研究,给出了中短期异常特征及预报指标。并探索了由跨断层形变测量资料提取无量纲的年速率比γｈ 的新方法,给出了沂沭带整个测量区域速率比时空分布和演化特征。  相似文献   

川滇地区应变强度比动态图像分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

张希  江在森  王双绪  陈兵 《高原地震》1999,(3)

利用从跨断层形变资料中获取应变强度比动态图像的方法,结合震例对川滇地区８０年代以来跨断层形变资料选择方法不同所获得的应变强度比分布动态图像的２种结果进行分析,并给出中短期强震危险区判定指标  相似文献   

Bed forms and unsteady processes: Some concepts of classification and response illustrated by common one-way types     

J. R. L. Allen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1976,1(4):361-374

In natural environments, where unsteady flows prevail, the common one-way bed forms (ripples, dunes, antidunes, parting lineations on plane beds) show delayed responses to changes of flow. A dual classification may then be necessary for the features: 1. Geometric, with no implication of flow conditions. 2. Geometric-hydraulic, in which the shape of the observed forms is combined with the character of the concurrent flow. The delayed responses arise because, under the simplest steady-state equilibrium conditions, the bed forms behave deterministically as populations, which take average dimensions controlled by the bed-material and/or flow conditions. The response of the bed to a change of flow is a rearrangement of the particles forming the bed in an attempt to meet the new conditions. The rate of rearrangement, however, is controlled by the sediment transport rate, in turn determined by the flow conditions, and so is finite. Two specific mechanisms of change of opposing tendency are quantifiable: 1. Creation-destruction of forms, where the new forms are better adjusted than predecessors. 2. The imperfect modification of existing forms during their life-spans. Both rates may be controlled by a combination of flow variables, the attributes of the bed forms, and ‘constants’ specific to each kind of form. A better knowledge of the unsteady responses of these bed forms should increase our understanding of and control over river and tidal systems and may provide models for a better appreciation of still larger features in landscapes and waterscapes.  相似文献   

Timing of deformation phases within the South Finland shear zone, SW Finland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Taija Torvela  Irmeli Mnttri  Tobias Hermansson 《Precambrian Research》2008,160(3-4):277-298

The Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian crust in southern and central Fennoscandia was established about 1.8 Ga ago after a prolonged history of accretion and intrusion. During late stages of the Svecofennian orogeny, deformation was partitioned into several crustal-scale shear zones in present-day Finland, Sweden and Estonia. One such major ductile deformation zone, ‘the South Finland shear zone’ (SFSZ) extends for almost 200 km through the Åland archipelago in southwestern Finland, and further along the southern and southwestern coast of Finland. This more than a kilometer wide transpressional zone appears to have been repeatedly reactivated. The deformation started with a period of regional, ductile dextral shearing of igneous rocks, producing striped granodioritic and tonalitic gneisses. The ductile phases are locally overprinted and followed by ductile to semi-ductile deformation evidenced by mylonite zones of variable width. The last stage of tectonic activity along the shear zone is recorded by pseudotachylites. Within this study, we dated zircons (SIMS U–Pb) and titanites (ID-TIMS U–Pb) from eight rock samples, and two pseudotachylite whole-rock samples (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar) in order to reconstruct the deformation and (re)activation history of the shear zone.The results suggest that the medium-grained gneisses underwent three distinct deformation phases separated by time intervals without regional deformation. The ductile deformation within the study area initiated at 1.85 Ga. A second, more intensive deformation phase existed around 1.83 Ga, by which the shear zone was already well developed. Finally, the last ductile event is recorded by 1.79 Ga metamorphic titanites in relatively granoblastic granitoid gneisses that nevertheless already display protomylonitic textures, suggesting the initiation of large-scale mylonitisation around or soon after this time. The age of a pseudotachylite sample and, hence, the brittle deformation is bracketed between 1.78 and 1.58 Ga based on the age of pegmatites cut by pseudotachylites as well as ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar minimum ages for the pseudotachylite, respectively. The data imply that the rocks within the study area entered the ductile–brittle transition zone due to rapid cooling and exhumation of the crust after 1.79 Ga.  相似文献   

浅埋偏压隧道出口变形机理及稳定性分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张敏  黄润秋  巨能攀 《工程地质学报》2008,16(4):482-488

以皖南某公路浅埋偏压隧道出口段高边坡为研究对象,提出了零开挖进洞的施工方案,并结合洞口的工程地质条件,采取必要的加固措施。通过对该边坡现场工程地质条件的系统调查,首先对边坡的岩体结构类型及其成因机制、结构面与坡面组合特征进行细致研究,在此基础上通过FLAC3D数值模拟,结合工程地质条件分析,对其变形破坏机制进行深入探讨。研究结果表明,边坡的变形首先以隧道内侧存在的软弱岩体(挤压错动带、断层)的不均匀压缩为先导,进而引起上部岩体产生由NE向陡缓结构面构成的阶梯状滑动,这将会使隧道构筑物及隧道外壁承受较大的压应力,当压应力超过隧道构筑物及外壁的极限强度时将产生破坏,从而诱发上部岩体产生更大规模的地质灾害。基于此,隧道进洞开挖前首先应对上部岩体进行加固处理,避免隧道构筑物及隧道外壁产生应力集中现象。  相似文献   

岩石隧道围岩变形时空效应分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

孙元春  尚彦军 《工程地质学报》2008,16(2):211-215

岩石隧道围岩变形具有时空效应特征。根据围岩变形速率,岩石隧道围岩变形一般可划分为3个阶段,即急剧变形阶段、稳定变形阶段和流变阶段。通过总结分析围岩变形3阶段的特点,结合中梁山隧道D-5H量测剖面的实测数据,对围岩变形的空间效应和时间效应进行了分析。空间效应集中发生在急剧变形段,空间效应段主要靠围岩自身以及初次支护克服围岩发生破坏变形,时间效应则主要体现在流变段。以华蓥山隧道等76个隧道实例为统计样本,分别对围岩变形时空效应与围岩类别和塌方事故的关系进行了相关性分析。结果表明:80％以上的塌方发生于急剧变形段,13％发生在稳定变形段,只有7％左右的塌方发生在流变段。其中Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类围岩在3个阶段都可能发生塌方,Ⅲ类围岩则很少在流变段发生塌方。Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类围岩则基本不会发生较大规模的塌方。对深入了解隧道围岩的变形规律,为隧道灾害防治、选择恰当的支护时机和支护方式很有意义。  相似文献   

Solution-precipitation creep and fluid flow in halite: a case study of Zechstein (Z1) rocksalt from Neuhof salt mine (Germany)     

Zsolt Schléder  János L. Urai  Sofie Nollet  Christoph Hilgers 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(5):1045-1056

Zechstein (Z1) rocksalt from the Fulda basin, from the immediate vicinity of the Hessen potash bed is folded into tight to isoclinal folds which are cut by an undeformed, 1 cm thick, coarse-grained halite vein. Microstructures were investigated in etched, gamma-irradiated thin sections from both the wall rock and the vein. The lack of synsedimentary dissolution structures and the widespread occurrence of plate-shaped and hopper grains in the wall-rock suggests that the sedimentary environment was perennial lake. Deformation microstructures are in good agreement with solution-precipitation creep process, and salt flow under very low differential stress. Strength contrast between anhydrite-rich and anhydrite-poor layers caused the small scale folding in the halite beds. The vein is completely sealed and composed mainly of euhedral to subhedral halite grains, which often overgrow the wall-rock grains. Those microstructures, together with the presence of occasional fluid inclusion bands, suggest that the crystals grew into a solution-filled open space. Based on considerations on the maximum value of in-situ differential stress, the dilatancy criteria, the amount of released fluids from the potash bed during metamorphism and the volume change, it is proposed that the crack was generated by hydrofracturing of the rocksalt due to the presence of the salt-metamorphic fluid at near-lithostatic pressure.  相似文献