临安市多精度等级土地管理GPS控制网快速建立方法的探讨     

时学军  陈强 《四川测绘》2007,30(5):238-240

本文论述了采用静态GPS观测网络技术建立临安市土地管理控制网的分步实施方案。该GPS网络具有不同等级施测且基线数量较大的特点,采用本文提出的分步测量法完全可以满足测量效率与精度指标的要求,应用实例与精度分析验证了该方法的有效性和可靠性。  相似文献   

Estimation of Daily Vapor Pressure Deficit Using MODIS Potential Evapotranspiration on the Tibetan Plateau     

SHEN Zhenxi  SUN Wei  LI Shaowei  ZHANG Haorui  FU Gang  YU Chengqun  ZHANG Guangyu 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,9(5):538-544

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is an important parameter in modelling hydrologic cycles and vegetation productivity. Meteorological stations are scarce in remote areas, which often results in imprecise estimations of VPD on the Tibetan Plateau. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides evapotranspiration data, which may offer the possibility of scaling up VPD estimations on the Tibetan Plateau. However, no studies thus far have estimated VPD using MODIS evapotranspiration data on the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, this study used MODIS potential evapotranspiration (PET) to estimate VPD in alpine meadows, alpine steppes, croplands, forests and shrublands for the year, spring, summer, autumn and winter in 2000-2012. A series of root-mean- squared-error (RMSE) and mean-absolute-error (MAE) values were obtained for correlating measured VPD and estimated VPD using MODIS PET data for each listed time period and vegetation type: whole year (0.98-2.15 hPa and 0.68-1.44 hPa), spring (0.95-2.34 hPa and 0.72-1.54 hPa), summer (1.39-2.60 hPa and 0.89-1.96 hPa), autumn (0.78-1.93 hPa and 0.56-1.36 hPa), winter (0.48-1.40 hPa and 0.36-0.98 hPa), alpine steppes (0.48- 1.39 hPa and 0.36-1.00 hPa), alpine meadows (0.58-1.39 hPa and 0.44-0.90 hPa), croplands (1.10-2.55 hPa and 0.82-1.74 hPa), shrublands (0.98-1.90 hPa and 0.78-1.37 hPa), and forests (1.40-2.60 hPa and 0.98-1.96 hPa), respectively. Therefore, MODIS PET may be used to estimate VPD, and better results may be obtained if future studies incorporate vegetation types and seasons when the VPD data are estimated using MODIS PET on the Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

Alpine Activity Patterns of Mitopus morio （Fabricius, 1779） are Induced by Variations in Temperature and Humidity at Different Scales in Central Norway     

Nils HEIN  ;Roland PAPE  ;Oliver-D. FINCH  ;Jorg LOFFLER 《山地科学学报》2014,11(3):644-655

Our research addresses questions about how micro-climate affects activity abundance of a common and widespread harvestman in an alpine ecosystem. Activity patterns of the Harvestman Mitopus morio （Fabricius, 1779） were studied along different alpine gradients in the central Norwegian Scandes. Within a nested design, we surveyed 18 alpine habitats with pitfall traps and microclimatological equipment along oceanic-continental, two elevational, and （fine-scaled） microtopographic gradients. Sites in the oceanic region of the Scandes showed generally higher abundance of M. morio than sites in the continental region. Furthermore, along the elevational gradient, middle-alpine sites showed higher abundances than low-alpine sites. These general patterns are best explained by higher humidity in the oceanic region and in the middlealpine belt. Focusing at a finer scale, i.e. one elevational level within each region, revealed partly opposing activity patterns within relatively short distances. While in the western middle-alpine belt these patterns were best explained by humidityrelated measures but now with higher activity abundance during drier conditions, in the drier eastern middle-alpine belt heat sums rather than humidity were found to be the best explanatoryvariables for the observed patterns. Hence, our results imply a pronounced different reaction of the two populations towards climatic variables that partly even contradict the previously described general pattern. Regardless whether these differences in activity abundance in M. morio are a form of phenotypic plasticity or adaptation, our findings stress the importance of detailed autecological knowledge combined with fine-scaled climatic measurements when aiming at predictions about possible future ecosystem structures and spatiotemporal phenomena. M. morio proves to be an ideal biogeographic model organism for understanding spatio-temporal responses of alpine ecosystems under modified climatic conditions.  相似文献   

Different units of measurement of carotenoids estimation in cotton using hyperspectral indices and partial least square regression     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2014

This paper examines the use of canopy reflectance for different units of measurements of carotenoids estimation. Field spectral measurements were collected over cotton in different intensive field campaigns organized during the growing seasons of 2010 and 2011. Three units of measurement were evaluated carotenoids expressed as a mass per unit soil surface area (g/m²), a mass per unit leaf area (μg/cm²), and a mass per unit fresh leaf weight (mg/g), respectively. Four methods were compared to retrieve amount of carotenoids: stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), published spectral indices, band combination indices, and partial least square regression (PLSR). Results show that maximum sensitivity of reflectance to variation in different units of measurement of carotenoids was found in the green region at 515–550 nm, and at 715 nm and 750 nm regions in the far-red wavelengths. The predictive accuracies of Car (g/m²), Car (μg/cm²) and Car (mg/g) were tested on a validation data set and the results show that the highest R² values between estimations and observations were 0.468 for Car (g/m²), 0.563 for Car (μg/cm²), and 0.456 for Car (mg/g), with relative root mean square error (RMSE%, RMSE/mean) of 48.72%, 22.07% and 21.07%, respectively. Compared to Car (g/m²) and Car (mg/g), the model performance indices for Car (μg/cm²) show a high degree of consistency among the R² values and RMSE% and MAE% values. Further comparison were performed among the estimation accuracies of different unit carotenoids and among the different approaches used in the study by a paired-t-test. The results indicate that although the best estimation results for Car (μg/cm²) and Car (mg/g) were both obtained based on PLSR, they can be estimated by all four adopted methods without significant differences (P > 0.1). Whereas for Car (g/m²), the best estimation results were obtained based on published vegetation indices CIred-edge, which were significantly better than the estimation results based on SMLR (P < 0.000). In summary, the results of this study show that even the carotenoids expressed on concentration (mg/g) or content (μg/cm²) basis at leaf level can be estimated with the same prediction accuracies to the carotenoids expressed as a mass per unit surface area (g/m²) at canopy level using reflectance measurement at canopy level.  相似文献   

High population connectivity and Pleistocene range expansion in the direct-developing plough shell Bullia rhodostoma along the South African coast     

T Muteveri  CA Matthee  RCK Bowie 《African Journal of Marine Science》2015,37(1):21-31

Pleistocene climatic and oceanographic changes have influenced the distribution of marine biodiversity in southern Africa. Most evidence, however, has been derived from rocky shore or demersal taxa; data on sandy shore species are limited, despite severe threats to many sandy beach ecosystems. To test the effects of past climatic changes on sandy shore species, we sampled 140 smooth plough shell Bullia rhodostoma individuals from eight localities and generated phylogeographic data derived from the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) marker. Nuclear markers (ATPSα, ATPSβ, ANT, SRPS4, TBP, LTRS and ZMP) showed no sequence variation. Bullia rhodostoma exhibited shallow genetic differentiation (Φ_ST = 0.07, p < 0.05) across its range. Isolation-by-distance suggests a stepping-stone model of migration, which is expected given the species’ direct-development life-history strategy. Demographic reconstruction suggests a post-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) range expansion, concordant with the signal of shallow genetic differentiation. Phylogeographic patterns obtained suggest that, during lower sea levels than current, B. rhodostoma could have been restricted to the South-West Coast, the central Agulhas Bioregion and probably also the East Coast. When climatic conditions changed and temperatures began to rise after the LGM, the species began a rapid westward range expansion from these refugial regions.  相似文献   

The ocean and climate change policy     

Grantly Galland  Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb  Dorothée Herr 《Climate Policy》2013,13(6):764-771

The ocean plays a major role in regulating Earth's climate system, and is highly vulnerable to climate change, but continues to receive little attention in the ongoing policymaking designed to mitigate and adapt to global climate change. There are numerous ways to consider the ocean more significantly when developing these policies, several of which offer the co-benefits of biodiversity protection and support of marine-dependent human communities. When developing forward-thinking climate change policy, it is important to understand the ways that the ocean contributes to global climate and to fully inventory the services that the ocean provides to humans. Without more inclusive consideration of the ocean in climate policy, at all levels of governance, policy makers risk weaker than necessary mitigation and adaptation strategies.  相似文献   

不同气候背景下北疆霜期的时空变化特征          下载免费PDF全文

张鑫  楼俊伟  范瑜越  王进  高宇  李杏 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2023,17(6):89-95

利用新疆气象信息中心提供的1961—2021年逐日最低气温资料，基于常规气象统计方法，对不同气候背景下北疆地区初、终霜日和霜期的变化特征进行分析，结果表明：（1）初霜日在背景I下呈较快推迟趋势，速率达0.36 d/a，背景II下变化趋势很小；终霜日在背景I下反呈推迟趋势，速率达0.15 d/a，在背景II下呈较快提前趋势，速率达0.28 d/a；霜期在背景I、II下均呈缩短趋势，缩短速率分别为0.24 d/a、0.35 d/a。（2）在气候背景I下霜期的缩短主要由初霜日推迟而导致，在气候背景II下霜期的缩短主要由终霜日提前所导致。（3）北疆地区平均初霜日在背景II下变化趋势很小是因为此时段下北疆初霜日西部在提前，东部在推迟，且推迟与提前的变化趋势相差较小；平均终霜日在背景I下反呈推迟趋势的气候条件是此时段下北疆春季气温变化趋势为-0.357 ℃/10 a，空间变化上则是因为此时段下北疆终霜日整体呈推迟趋势，仅阿勒泰地区东部、哈密地区东部呈提前趋势，且推迟速率较大，提前速率较小。（4）由气候背景I转为II，北疆初霜日等级出现由低向高移动的趋势，终霜日和霜期则与其相反。（5）相关季节北大西洋涛动指数对于北疆地区初、终霜日的影响较为显著，初霜日与夏季北大西洋涛动指数呈显著负相关，终霜日与秋季北大西洋涛动指数呈显著正相关。  相似文献   

贵州省降雨型滑坡预报模型及检验          下载免费PDF全文

李忠燕  田其博  左晋  罗阳欢  曹蔚 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2022,16(3):47-53

本文利用贵州省2010—2017年630次降雨型滑坡资料以及国家气象台站和区域自动气象站逐小时降水资料，分析了贵州省降雨型滑坡的时空分布特征。基于5个不同时效降水指标与滑坡累积发生概率的拟合曲线公式，得到不同概率对应的5个降水指标的降水阈值，建立贵州省降雨型滑坡预报模型,并利用2018年新增滑坡样本对预报模型进行检验。结果表明：贵州省降雨型滑坡高发期主要集中在5—7月，其中6月滑坡发生概率最高，约48.6 %；7月次之，约34.9 %。当R1h、R3h、R6h、R24h、R3d分别大于等于26.9 mm、48.9 mm、62.9 mm、79.5 mm、92.0 mm时，发布滑坡预报预警。在降雨型滑坡预报模型中，随着5个不同时效指标的降水量增大，降雨型滑坡累积发生概率变化呈现前后增加缓慢，中间快速增加的变化特征。模型检验结果表明贵州省降雨型滑坡预报模型有一定的准确性，且5个降水指标均具有一定的实用性，其中利用R3d开展降雨型滑坡预报准确率最好。  相似文献