Agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level using AWiFS/WiFS data of Indian Remote Sensing satellites     

C. S. Murthy  M. V. R. Sesha Sai  V. Bhanuja Kumari  P. S. Roy 《国际地球制图》2013,28(2):127-140

Spatial differences in drought proneness and intensity of drought caused by differences in cropping patterns and crop growing environments within a district indicate the need for agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level. The objective of this study is to use moderate resolution satellite images for detailed assessment of the agricultural drought situation at different administrative units (blocks) within a district. Monthly time composite NDVI images derived from moderate resolution AWiFS (60 m) and WiFS (180 m) images from Indian Remote Sensing satellites were analysed along with ground data on rainfall and crop sown areas for the kharif seasons (June – November) of 2002 (drought year), 2004 (early season drought) and 2005 (good monsoon year). The impact of the 2002 meteorological drought on crop area in different blocks of the district was assessed. The amplitude of crop condition variability in a severe drought year (2002) and a good year (2005) was used to map the degree of vulnerability of different blocks in the district to agricultural drought. The impact of early season deficit rainfall in 2004 on the agricultural situation and subsequent recovery of the agricultural situation was clearly shown. Agricultural drought assessment at disaggregated level using moderate resolution images is useful for prioritizing the problem areas within a district to undertake, in season drought management plans, such as alternate cropping strategies, as well as for end of the season drought relief management actions. The availability of ground data on rainfall, cropping pattern, crop calendar, irrigation, soil type etc., is very crucial in order to interpret the seasonal NDVI patterns at disaggregated level for drought assessment. The SWIR band of AWiFS sensor is a potential data source for assessing surface drought at the beginning of the season.  相似文献   

The effects of grazing on the endangered Sinai Thyme (Thymus decussatus) in a hyper-arid environment     

《Journal of Arid Environments》2013

Herbivores play a key role in determining plant community composition. Historically grazing has been deemed detrimental for plants, but recent theoretical and empirical studies suggest that grazing may in fact be beneficial. Grazing is more likely to improve primary productivity in areas with a grazing history, where the plants are adapted to tolerate grazing, and also in arid environments because water stress and grazing select for comparable plant traits. Sinai Thyme (Thymus decussatus) in the arid St Katherine Protectorate of South Sinai has high apparent mortality rates and poor condition, both of which have detrimental consequences for its associated herbivores, particularly the Critically Endangered Sinai Baton Blue (Pseudophilotes sinaicus) whose larval stage feeds exclusively upon this plant. One recent conservation action banned grazing but there has been no obvious improvement in the thyme with continued high mortality, and local Bedu claim that grazing is in fact advantageous for plant health. We carried out a factorial experiment that manipulated simulated grazing, fertilizing and watering of thyme. This showed no evidence of any negative response to grazing or that watering or fertilizing had any effect either, presumably their impact is smaller than the current inter-annual variability caused by climatic fluctuations.  相似文献   

科西河跨境流域水旱灾害与防治   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

胡桂胜  陈宁生  Narendra Khanal  韩大为 《地球科学进展》2012,27(8):908-915

科西河流域是恒河的一个重要支流,地跨中国、尼泊尔和印度3个国家,流域面积7.15万km2,流域具有世界上最大的高差(从海拔8 848 m的珠穆朗玛峰到海拔60 m的恒河平原),最为完整的气候、土壤和植被带谱。流域发育有罕见的多类型水旱灾害,主要有冰湖溃决、洪水、干旱、水土流失等。通过实地调查这一代表性跨界流域的水文、气象、地质、地貌、土壤植被和区域社会经济等基本特征并结合已有的研究资料,揭示流域冰湖溃决、洪水、干旱等水旱灾害的特征和时空发育规律。流域冰湖溃决灾害集中于科西河流域上级支流,灾害损失巨大,并由于溃决洪水的侵蚀,沿途链状滑坡泥石流灾害发育;洪水灾害主要集中于流域下游,在相对较高标准的防洪体系中,洪水灾害是自然因素和人为因素相结合产生的,并造成流域水土流失严重;干旱灾害范围大,年内持续时间长,并且由于人口增加和生态退化进一步严重化。最后,依据流域水旱灾害特点,提出一系列减灾策略与措施。  相似文献   

Soil-dependent canopy die-back and plant mortality in two Mojave Desert shrubs     

E.P. Hamerlynck  J.R. McAuliffe 《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(10):1793-1802

Recent drought has led to unprecedented levels of plant mortality across the Southwestern US. An unaddressed feature of this drought's impact is how soil characteristics and soil hydrological behavior affect desert plant canopy die-back and mortality. Here, we present a multi-year study in the Mojave Desert assessing canopy die-back and whole-plant mortality of white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa) and creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) in soils varying in surface and sub-surface horizon development, and topographic (hillslope vs. channel) positions. Canopy die-back and mortality was more widespread A. dumosa than in L. tridentata, and dead plants tended to be smaller than surviving plants, especially in channel and hillslope locations. This suggests that juveniles were particularly vulnerable where plants depended heavily on augmentation of incident precipitation by runoff. Canopy die-back was greater in young, weakly developed soils that fostered extensive plant growth, while plants growing in older, well-developed soils showed markedly lower branch and plant mortality, especially in A. dumosa. We attributed these differences in plant response in part to variation in distributions of large rocks within soil profiles, which might affect soil hydrological heterogeneity and intensity of plant competition for water.  相似文献   

Precipitation reconstruction for Northwestern Tunisia from tree rings     

R. Touchan  D.M. Meko  A. Aloui 《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(10):1887-1896

An October–June precipitation reconstruction was developed from a Pinus halepensis regional tree-ring chronology from four sites in northwestern Tunisia for the period of 1771–2002. The reconstruction is based on a reliable and replicable statistical relationship between climate and tree-ring growth and shows climate variability on both interannual and interdecadal time scales. Thresholds (12th and 88th percentiles) based on the empirical cumulative distribution of observed precipitation for the 1902–2002 calibration period were used to delineate dry years and wet years of the long-term reconstruction. The longest reconstructed drought by this classification in the 232-year reconstruction is 2 years, which occurred in the 19th century. Analysis of 500 mb height data for the period 1948–2002 suggests reconstructed extreme dry and wet events can provide information on past atmospheric circulation anomalies over a broad region including the Mediterranean, Europe and eastern Asia.  相似文献   

Improving a drought early warning model for an arid region using a soil-moisture index   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Vijendra K. Boken   《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2009,29(3):402-408

This study modifies a drought early warning model for Jodhpur district of Rajasthan State in India. The model had employed only two variables derived from the daily rainfall data and estimated pearl millet yield in order to issue a drought early warning. In this study, the model is modified by including an additional variable derived from a soil-moisture index. The modified model explained up to 77.3 percent of the yield variation. When tested, the mean absolute percent error in the estimated yield was 13.7 percent in the case of the modified model as opposed to 18.5% in the case of the existing model. The soil-moisture index and other variables derived from the rainfall data could be potential candidates for developing drought early warning models for other arid regions.  相似文献   

Diatom-inferred lake level from near-shore cores in a drainage lake from the Experimental Lakes Area,northwestern Ontario,Canada   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kathleen R. Laird  Brian F. Cumming 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,42(1):65-80

We inferred late Holocene lake-level changes from a suite of near-shore gravity cores collected in Lake 239 (Rawson Lake), a headwater lake in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. Results were reproduced across all cores. A gravity core from the deep central basin was very similar to the near-shore cores with respect to trends in the percent abundance of the dominant diatom taxon, Cylcotella stelligera. The central basin, however, does not provide a sensitive site for reconstruction of lake-level changes because of the insensitivity of the diatom model at very high percentages of C. stelligera and other planktonic taxa. Quantitative estimates of lake level are based on a diatom-inferred depth model that was developed from surficial sediments collected along several depth transects in Lake 239. The lake-level reconstructions during the past ~3,000 years indicate that lake depth varied on average by ±2 m from present-day conditions, with maximum rises of ~3–4 m and maximum declines of ~3.5–5 m. The diatom-inferred depth record indicates several periods of persistent low levels during the nineteenth century, from ~900 to 1100 AD, and for extended periods prior to ~1,500 years ago. Periods of inferred high lake levels occurred from ~500 to 900 AD and ~1100 to 1650 AD. Our findings suggest that near-shore sediments from small drainage lakes in humid climates can be used to assess long-term fluctuations in lake level and water availability.  相似文献   

Space–time modelling of catchment scale drought characteristics     

Lena M. Tallaksen  Hege Hisdal  Henny A.J. Van Lanen   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):363-372

Drought may affect all components of the water cycle and covers commonly a large part of the catchment area. This paper examines drought propagation at the catchment scale using spatially aggregated drought characteristics and illustrates the importance of catchment processes in modifying the drought signal in both time and space. Analysis is conducted using monthly time series covering the period 1961–1997 for the Pang catchment, UK. The time series include observed rainfall and groundwater recharge, head and discharge simulated by physically-based soil water and groundwater models. Drought events derived separately for each unit area and variable are combined to yield catchment scale drought characteristics. The study reveals relatively large differences in the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought for the different variables. Meteorological droughts cover frequently the whole catchment; and they are more numerous and last for a short time (1–2 months). In comparison, droughts in recharge and hydraulic head cover typically a smaller area and last longer (4–5 months). Hydraulic head and groundwater discharge exhibit similar drought characteristics, which can be expected in a groundwater fed catchment. Deficit volume is considered a robust measure of the severity of a drought event over the catchment area for all variables; whereas, duration is less sensitive, particular for rainfall. Spatial variability in drought characteristics for groundwater recharge, head and discharge are primarily controlled by catchment properties. It is recommended not to use drought area separately as a measure of drought severity at the catchment scale, rather it should be used in combination with other drought characteristics like duration and deficit volume.  相似文献   

一种基于地表能量平衡的遥感干旱监测新方法及其在甘肃河东地区干旱监测中的应用初探          下载免费PDF全文

郝小翠  张强  杨泽粟  王晓巍  岳平  韩涛  王胜 《地球物理学报》2016,59(9):3188-3201

目前遥感干旱监测方法的精度普遍不高,探求新的遥感干旱监测方法有助于干旱监测预警技术的提升与发展.波文比是感热通量与潜热通量之比,能综合反映地表水热特征,可尝试将其引入到遥感干旱监测领域加以利用.应用甘肃河东地区的EOS-MODIS卫星资料和同步地面气象资料,基于地表能量平衡原理构建了波文比干旱监测模型,对比分析了波文比(β)指数、温度植被指数(TVX)与土壤水分的相关性,并以典型晴空影像(2014年10月5日)为例初步建立了β的干旱分级标准,对研究区进行了旱情评估.结果表明:β与土壤相对湿度呈现出高度负相关,相比于当下广泛应用的TVX,β与0~20cm平均土壤相对湿度具有更好的相关性,监测精度得到了显著提高.用β干旱分级标准评估的研究区干湿状况与前期降水空间分布吻合得相当好,评估表明2014年10月5日研究区基本为适宜(无旱),与2014年9月的降水距平百分率特征一致.基于地表能量平衡的波文比(β)指数在干旱监测中效果突出,具有很好的应用前景.  相似文献   

基于册与相对湿润度指数的1961-2009年东北地区5-9月干旱趋势分析          下载免费PDF全文

马建勇  许吟隆  潘婕 《气象与环境学报》2012,28(3)

依据1961-2009年东北地区71个气象台站月平均气温和降水资料,运用标准化降水指数（SPI）与相对湿润度指数等干旱指标分析了东北地区5-9月的干旱趋势。结果表明：1961-2009年,东北大部分地区在5-9月呈干旱化趋势,仅在黑龙江省大兴安岭北部、黑龙江省西南部以及黑龙江省与吉林省的东部交界处表现为湿润化;东北三省干湿振荡主要周期为22-24a,近49a发生了4次干湿交替,突变年为1976年和1996年。就干旱发生范围而言,近49a东北地区干旱面积呈上升趋势;以1996年为分界线,农作物干旱受灾比在吉林省增幅最大,辽宁省次之,黑龙江省最小,采用删与相对湿润度指数评价东北地区干旱较符合实际。就干旱发生频率而言,高值区主要集中在东北地区西部,特别是黑龙江省的齐齐哈尔和大庆地区、吉林省的白城地区及辽宁省的朝阳地区。干旱与极端干旱的发生频率1981-1990年为较低,2001-2009年为最高;而极端干旱发生频率增加幅度明显高于一般干旱。  相似文献