Seismic Moment Tensor Resolution on a Local Scale: Simulated Rockburst and Mine-induced Seismic Events in the Kopanang Gold Mine, South Africa   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jan Šílený  Alexander Milev 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(8):1495-1513

Seismic records contain information about the effect of the source as well as the effect of wave propagation through the rock mass. The effect of wave propagation is usually not well known as only simplified models of geological structures are available. Therefore, the information about the source retrieved by inverting seismograms may include errors due to incomplete knowledge of the rock mass along the propagation path, which in turn cause a distortion in the calculated moment tensor (MT). The distortion of the MT on a local scale was observed by inverting records of a simulated rockburst conducted at the Kopanang gold mine in South Africa. A dominant isotropic component of the explosive characteristics was found from the inversion. The deviatoric components retrieved from the blast are spurious. A test of their stability indicated that they are not significant, assuming an uncertainty above 5% for velocities and 10% for attenuation within the homogeneous model available for the mine. Thus, the retrieval of the MT from records of local networks in mines using a homogeneous model of the rock mass seems to be feasible. However, the homogeneous model of the rock mass can only be applied to close stations, within a few kilometers of the source. The seismic records from distant stations were too complex to be modelled by a homogeneous rock mass. Records of six mine-induced seismic events recorded at the Kopanang gold mine were also inverted. A vertical linear dipole along the pressure (P) axis was found for three of the events, suggesting a pillar burst. The mechanism of two events contains an isotropic implosion together with a nearly vertical dip-slip, and seems to indicate a combination of a cavity collapse with a down dip-slip along a nearly vertical fault. One event corresponds to a dipole along the tensional (T) axis. However, it is vertical, thus its association with tensile faulting of the hangingwall is uncertain.  相似文献   

雨季前后珠峰地区近地层气象要素、辐射及能量平衡分量变化特征     

仲雷  马耀明  苏中波  王永杰  吕雅琼  朱志鵾 《高原气象》2007,26(6):1269-1275

利用架设在珠峰北坡4475m高度处的一套开路涡动协方差测量系统,对曲宗地区的大气状况进行了连续观测.分析了近地层气象要素、辐射平衡各分量和能量平衡各分量在高原雨季前(5月),雨季中(7月)和雨季后(11月)的变化特征.通过分析,发现曲宗地区气温和相对湿度日平均变化均呈单峰单谷型特征,气压则呈双峰双谷型特征,风速日变化为单峰型特征,风速一般在午后突然增大.伴随着雨季的爆发,曲宗地区气温升高,相对湿度增大,气压升高,风速减小.主导风向由东北风转换成西南风.雨季前后,辐射平衡各分量及能量平衡各分量均具有明显的变化趋势.  相似文献   

兰州市南山绿化地裸地冬季地表辐射及能量收支对比     

奥银焕  陈玉春  杨胜朋 《高原气象》2007,26(4):693-700

利用2005年12月7~29日在兰州市皋兰山顶获取的地气相互作用观测资料,对比分析了冬季典型晴天和平均状态下绿化地与裸地地表辐射、能量收支及土壤温、湿度的日变化特征。结果表明:绿化地和裸地太阳总辐射、大气长波辐射很接近,地表短波和长波向上辐射因不同下垫面特征不同而差异较大;地表能量平衡绿化地、裸地均以感热输送为主,土壤热通量和潜热输送很小,尤其是潜热通量,峰值往往不超过10 W.m-2;观测发现绿化地感热比裸地高,这一反常现象值得进一步研究证实;观测期平均特征与晴天比较接近,表明云和降雪的扰动影响有限;绿化地、裸地地表日平均反照率相对稳定,绿化地日平均反照率在0.20~0.28之间变化,裸地在0.25~0.31之间变化,平均值分别为0.21和0.29。  相似文献   

Addressing Scottish rural fuel poverty through a regional industrial symbiosis strategy for the Scottish forest industries sector     

Barbara Illsley  Bill Lynch 《Geoforum》2007,38(1):21-32

Tackling fuel poverty is central to the delivery of the Scottish Executive’s commitment to social justice. Many Scottish rural households are not linked into the mains gas network and rely on expensive alternatives, despite being surrounded by plentiful supplies of low-cost renewable wood biomass. A regional study was undertaken to establish the potential market for pelletised wood fuel, available as a low-value by-product from the rapidly expanding Scottish forest industry sector. The wider implications of the research findings are analysed by extending the principles of industrial symbiosis from a site-specific to a regional scale. Promoting an indigenous pellet-based wood fuel market for rural Scotland would fulfil important Scottish Executive economic, social and environmental sustainability objectives. Adding off-site social symbiotic elements increases the potential for on-site technical symbiosis in nascent Scottish forest industry clusters. At present, market failure is preventing the realisation of these benefits, and the paper concludes by identifying ways in which market intermediation, through wood fuel energy service companies, might overcome the current barriers to exploiting such symbiosis.  相似文献   

Comparison of 15 evaporation methods applied to a small mountain lake in the northeastern USA   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Donald O. Rosenberry  Thomas C. Winter  Donald C. Buso  Gene E. Likens   《Journal of Hydrology》2007,340(3-4):149-166

Few detailed evaporation studies exist for small lakes or reservoirs in mountainous settings. A detailed evaporation study was conducted at Mirror Lake, a 0.15 km² lake in New Hampshire, northeastern USA, as part of a long-term investigation of lake hydrology. Evaporation was determined using 14 alternate evaporation methods during six open-water seasons and compared with values from the Bowen-ratio energy-budget (BREB) method, considered the standard. Values from the Priestley–Taylor, deBruin–Keijman, and Penman methods compared most favorably with BREB-determined values. Differences from BREB values averaged 0.19, 0.27, and 0.20 mm d⁻¹, respectively, and results were within 20% of BREB values during more than 90% of the 37 monthly comparison periods. All three methods require measurement of net radiation, air temperature, change in heat stored in the lake, and vapor pressure, making them relatively data intensive. Several of the methods had substantial bias when compared with BREB values and were subsequently modified to eliminate bias. Methods that rely only on measurement of air temperature, or air temperature and solar radiation, were relatively cost-effective options for measuring evaporation at this small New England lake, outperforming some methods that require measurement of a greater number of variables. It is likely that the atmosphere above Mirror Lake was affected by occasional formation of separation eddies on the lee side of nearby high terrain, although those influences do not appear to be significant to measured evaporation from the lake when averaged over monthly periods.  相似文献   

The impact of freshwater discharges on the ocean circulation in the Skagerrak/northern North Sea area. Part II: energy analysis     

Jon Albretsen 《Ocean Dynamics》2007,57(4-5):287-304

We perform eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving simulations of the Skagerrak/northern North Sea with a terrain-following numerical ocean model. We demonstrate that realistic representations of freshwater input are not required when the focus is on modelling mesoscale structures such as meanders and eddies. To arrive at this conclusion, we analyze the results using a recently developed energy diagnostic scheme to study the sensitivity to realistic representations of the lateral freshwater flux provided to the area from the Baltic Sea and by the major rivers. The scheme is suitable for analysis of growth of instabilities, and it has four basic instability processes prominent. We recognize both horizontal and vertical shear instabilities. There are two processes where average potential energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy, and they are related to the mean gradient in surface elevation and the mean lateral density gradient, respectively. The latter process is known as frontal instability. We demonstrate that the change in the eddy kinetic energy field is small, despite the large variations in the hydrographic properties from experiment to experiment. Moreover, generation of eddy activity appears at the same locations and with approximately the same strength regardless of actual representations of freshwater input. Furthermore, we find that vertical shear instability dominates the energy conversion processes in the Norwegian Coastal Current. Finally, we find that the areas off the northwest coast of Denmark recognized with enhanced eddy kinetic energy level is not caused by instability processes but eddy–eddy interaction rooted in variations in the sea level.  相似文献   

五里湖南岸生态示范工程对水下光场的改善效果研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

张运林  陈开宁  秦伯强 《水科学进展》2007,18(1):86-94

2004年7月20日在五里湖南岸生态示范工程区共布设9个采样点进行水下光场的测定,并采集水样分析悬浮物、叶绿素a、DOC浓度和各组分吸收系数。结果表明,3类主要光衰减物质总悬浮物、叶绿素a和DOC的浓度分别为5.1~38.7 mg/L、25.5~86.4μg/L和7.43~8.74 mg/L;生态示范工程能明显降低水体悬浮物和叶绿素a浓度,Ⅱ类区总悬浮物、叶绿素a浓度相对Ⅰ类区分别降低了53.4%、33.0%,而Ⅲ类区总悬浮物、叶绿素a浓度相对Ⅰ类区分别降低了77.4%、65.0%。光合有效辐射(PAR)衰减系数在1.81~4.93 m-1间变化,对应的真光层深度为0.93~2.54 m,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类区相对Ⅰ类区PAR衰减系数分别降低了42.2%、52.8%,对应的真光层深度则分别增加了73%、112%。a_g(440)、a_d(440)、a_ph(440)的变化范围分别为0.79~1.31 m-1、0.41~2.22 m-1、0.73~2.12 m-1。纯水对总吸收的贡献均在15%以下,有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收对总吸收的贡献率在18.16%~40.28%间变化,非藻类颗粒物对总吸收的贡献率在14.40%~37.88%间变化,浮游藻类对总吸收系数的贡献率基本上是各组分贡献率中最高的,在31.05%~45.28%间变化。对PAR衰减系数、真光层深度、透明度等表观光学参数与主要水色因子进行相关分析发现,水体中浮游藻类和有机颗粒物对生态示范区内的水体光学性质影响最大,而围隔外围浮游藻类、非藻类颗粒物对光的衰减相当。  相似文献   

一次江淮暴雨的数值模拟及暴雨落区的诊断分析   总被引：4，自引：11，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

史小康  李耀东  高守亭  付容 《气象科学》2007,27(1):26-34

利用MM5模式对2003年7月一次江淮暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明：MM5对本次暴雨落区的模拟较为成功。应用模拟结果对假相当位温、水汽通量散度、z-螺旋度及湿位涡等几个综合性物理量进行了诊断,得出的主要结论为：本次暴雨发生在高能舌的前部、能量锋区南缘和低空急流左前方三者叠加的区域;水汽通量散度比较好地反映本次暴雨的强度和落区;z-螺旋度不仅能反映降水系统,对降水系统的移动也有预报指示意义;本次暴雨过程中湿斜压性和涡度垂直分量与热力不稳定对湿位涡有同等大小的贡献。  相似文献   

The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part II: Intercomparison of eddy-covariance sensors and post-field data processing methods     

Matthias Mauder  Steven P. Oncley  Roland Vogt  Tamas Weidinger  Luis Ribeiro  Christian Bernhofer  Thomas Foken  Wim Kohsiek  Henk A. R. De Bruin  Heping Liu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):29-54

The eddy-covariance method is the primary way of measuring turbulent fluxes directly. Many investigators have found that these flux measurements often do not satisfy a fundamental criterion—closure of the surface energy balance. This study investigates to what extent the eddy-covariance measurement technology can be made responsible for this deficiency, in particular the effects of instrumentation or of the post-field data processing. Therefore, current eddy-covariance sensors and several post-field data processing methods were compared. The differences in methodology resulted in deviations of 10% for the sensible heat flux and of 15% for the latent heat flux for an averaging time of 30 min. These disparities were mostly due to different sensor separation corrections and a linear detrending of the data. The impact of different instrumentation on the resulting heat flux estimates was significantly higher. Large deviations from the reference system of up to 50% were found for some sensor combinations. However, very good measurement quality was found for a CSAT3 sonic together with a KH20 krypton hygrometer and also for a UW sonic together with a KH20. If these systems are well calibrated and maintained, an accuracy of better than 5% can be achieved for 30-min values of sensible and latent heat flux measurements. The results from the sonic anemometers Gill Solent-HS, ATI-K, Metek USA-1, and R.M. Young 81000 showed more or less larger deviations from the reference system. The LI-COR LI-7500 open-path H₂O/CO₂ gas analyser in the test was one of the first serial numbers of this sensor type and had technical problems regarding direct solar radiation sensitivity and signal delay. These problems are known by the manufacturer and improvements of the sensor have since been made. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

Large-eddy simulation of plant canopy flows using plant-scale representation     

Wusi Yue  Marc B. Parlange  Charles Meneveau  Weihong Zhu  René van Hout  Joseph Katz 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(2):183-203

Turbulent flow in a corn canopy is simulated using large-eddy simulation (LES) with a Lagrangian dynamic Smagorinsky model. A new numerical representation of plant canopies is presented that resolves approximately the local structure of plants and takes into account their spatial arrangement. As a validation, computational results are compared with experimental data from recent field particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and two previous experimental campaigns. Numerical simulation using the traditional modelling method to represent the canopy (field-scale approach) is also conducted as a comparison to the plant-scale approach. The combination of temporal PIV data, LES and spatial PIV data allows us to couple a wide range of relevant turbulence scales. There is good agreement between experimental data and numerical predictions using the plant-scale approach in terms of various turbulence statistics. Within the canopy, the plant-scale approach also allows the capture of more details than the field-scale approach, including instantaneous gusts that penetrate deep inside the canopy.  相似文献