地壳运动驱动力的探讨——核能与地球演化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马学昌 《地质学报》2016,90(1):24-36

本文综合核物理、天文和地质学的最新研究成果,推导出在45亿年前太阳系的全部原始类地行星及其某些卫星(包括地球及月球)上,发生过大规模的、持续的铀、钚链式核裂变,释出了巨大的热能,熔化了整个原始星球。新星球的物质发生了重力分异作用、形成了按密度划分的圈层结构。地球中心是内地核,在高压下压成了固态。铀、钚下沉到内地核顶部停留,继续发生链式核裂变,但改变不了内地核的固态性质。从此处产生的核裂变能,主要以热对流的形式外导。直到前45亿年以后,铀的链式核裂变停止了,只剩下钚的链式核裂变,生成的热能减少了,地球开始冷凝。当熔浆表面温度下降到700~800℃时,较轻的花岗岩质岩浆首先凝固成薄层。它很脆弱、经不起大风浪和潮汐力的冲击,破碎成小块,随着下面对流的玄武岩质熔浆汇集起来,形成大片飘浮物,后来就成为大陸;小片的便成为岛屿。温度逐渐下降,地幔冷凝成固体。温度下降至100℃以下,大气中的水蒸气冷凝成水,下落汇集在地表低凹处,便有了海洋和湖泊。所以海洋底主要分布着玄武岩。从内地核顶部不断产生的核能以"地幔柱"的形式穿过固体地幔,上升至地壳。受坚硬地壳的隔挡、便集中在地壳下构成软流层。当地壳岩石受热软化和可以流动之后,便开始向压力小的方向流动。又受日、月引力和地球自身自转力的作用,软流层的动能又有了增强。这种巨大的能量支配了地壳的升降、褶曲、断裂、变质、岩浆、火山和地震等活动。地球是天体之一,无时不受自然界各种作用力的影响,但支配它演化的主要作用力是核能。本文还简述了核能、核素与太阳系星体演化的关系。  相似文献   

A hybrid approach to modeling territorial control in violent armed conflicts          下载免费PDF全文

Ran Tao  Daniel Strandow  Michael Findley  Jean‐Claude Thill  James Walsh 《Transactions in GIS》2016,20(3):413-425

Territorial control is central to the understanding of violent armed conflicts, yet reliable and valid measures of this concept do not exist. We argue that geospatial analysis provides an important perspective to measure the concept. In particular, measuring territorial control can be seen as an application of calculating service areas around points of control. The modeling challenge is acute for areas with limited road infrastructure, where no complete network is available to perform the analysis, and movements largely occur off road. We present a new geospatial approach that applies network analysis on a hybrid transportation network with both actual road data and hexagon‐fishnet‐based artificial road data representing on‐road and off‐road movements, respectively. Movement speed or restriction can be readily adjusted using various input data. Simulating off‐road movement with hexagon‐fishnet‐based artificial road data has a number of advantages including scalability to small or large study areas and flexibility to allow all‐directional travel. We apply this method to measuring territorial control of armed groups in Sub‐Saharan Africa where inferior transport infrastructure is the norm. Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program's (UCDP) Georeferenced Event Data (GED) as well as spatial data on terrain, population locations, and limited transportation networks, we enhance the delineation of the specific areas directly controlled by each warring party during civil wars within a given travel time.  相似文献   

Field evidence for normal fault linkage and relay ramp evolution: the Kırkağaç Fault Zone,western Anatolia (Turkey)     

Bora Uzel 《Geodinamica Acta》2016,28(4):311-327

Linking of normal faults forms at all scales as a relay ramp during growth stages and represents the most efficient way for faults to lengthen during their progressive formation. Here, I study the linking of normal faulting along the active K?rka?aç Fault Zone within the west Anatolian extensional system to reconstruct fault interaction in time and space using both field- and computer-based data. I find that (i) connecting of the relay zone/ramp occurred with two breaching faults of different generations and that (ii) the propagation was facilitated by the presence of pre-existing structures, inherited from the ?zmir-Bal?kesir transfer zone. Hence, the linkage cannot be compared directly to a simple fault growth model. Therefore, I propose a combined scenario of both hangingwall and footwall fault propagation mechanisms that explain the present-day geometry of the composite fault line. The computer-based analyses show that the approximate slip rate is 0.38 mm/year during the Quaternary, and a NE–SW-directed extension is mainly responsible for the recent faulting along the K?rka?aç Fault Zone. The proposed structural scenario also highlights the active fault termination and should be considered in future seismic hazard assessments for the region that includes densely populated settlements.  相似文献   

The effects of the North Anatolian Fault on the geomorphology in the Eastern Marmara Region,Northwestern Turkey     

Ufuk Tarı  Okan Tüysüz 《Geodinamica Acta》2016,28(3):139-159

North-western Anatolia has been actively deformed since Pliocene by the right-lateral North Anatolian Fault (NAF). This transform fault, which has a transtensional character in its western end due to effects from the Aegean extensional system, is a major control on the regional geomorphologic evolution. This study applied some geomorphic analyses, such as stream longitudinal profiles, stream length-gradient index, ratio of valley floor width and valley height, mountain front sinuosity, hypsometry and asymmetry factor analyses, to an area just east of the Sea of Marmara in order to understand the tectonic effects on the area’s geomorphological evolution. The active and fastest northern branch of the NAF lies within a topographic depression connecting Sea of Marmara in the east to the Adapazar? Basin in the west. This depression filled with early Pleistocene and younger sediment after a series of pull-apart basins opened along the NAF. North of this depression lies the Kocaeli Peneplain, whose southern edge the NAF uplifted. Meandering streams on the central peneplain were incised possibly due to baselevel changes in the Black Sea. South of the depression, an E-trending mountainous area has a rugged morphology. Based on geomorphic analyses, uplifted Pliocene sediment, marine terraces, and recent earthquake activity, this area between northern and southern branches of the NAF is actively uplifting. The geomorphic indices used in this study are sensitive to vertical movements rather than lateral ones. The bedrock lithology that played an important role on the area’s geomorphologic evolution also affects the geomorphic indices used here.  相似文献   

郯庐断裂带晚中生代演化历史及其对华北克拉通破坏过程的指示   总被引：13，自引：8，他引：5  

朱光  王薇  顾承串  张帅  刘程 《岩石学报》2016,32(4):935-949

郯庐断裂带晚中生代的演化历史是华北克拉通破坏过程的重要记录。中侏罗世末(燕山运动A幕),郯庐断裂带局部发生左行平移活动,而华北克拉通上出现了一系列北北东走向的缩短构造,指示了西太平洋伊泽奈崎板块俯冲的开始。晚侏罗世期间,郯庐断裂带没有发生活动,而华北克拉通出现局部伸展与岩浆活动及区域性隆升,应为弧后弱拉张背景。早白垩世初(燕山运动B幕),郯庐断裂带再次发生强烈的左行平移活动,华北克拉通北部与东部出现了一系列近南北向挤压产生的构造,应是鄂霍茨克洋最终关闭与伊泽奈崎板块高速俯冲双重作用的结果。随后的早白垩世期间,华北克拉通在弧后拉张背景下发生峰期破坏,郯庐断裂带呈现为强烈的伸展活动。早白垩世末的区域性挤压作用,结束了华北克拉通的峰期破坏,并使郯庐断裂带再次发生了一期左行平移活动。这期挤压作用出现在太平洋板块接替伊泽奈崎板块这一重大板块调整的背景之中。  相似文献   

肥东花岗质岩脉的变形及年代学特征对郯庐断裂带早白垩世构造活动的指示   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

韩雨  牛漫兰 《岩石学报》2016,32(4):1049-1066

郯庐断裂带肥东段位于大别造山带与苏鲁造山带之间。在肥东段西韦采石场内发育了大规模的北北东向左行走滑韧性剪切带和一条低角度的韧性滑脱正断层。走滑韧性剪切带为郯庐断裂带走滑活动的产物,低角度滑脱正断层则代表了伸展背景下的构造活动。低角度滑脱正断层上、下盘发育未变形和变形的岩脉,走滑韧性剪切带内外也发育有受剪切带活动而变形的岩脉。对采石场内岩脉的构造和同位素年代学研究表明,低角度韧性滑脱正断层在129~126Ma之间发生过剪切活动,走滑韧性剪切带的活动时间在125Ma之后。综合研究认为,郯庐断裂带的伸展活动可能开始于早白垩世早期(130Ma),但在早白垩世并非一直处于伸展活动之中,125Ma之后的左行走滑活动很可能发生在早白垩世的晚期。  相似文献   

Present-day Block Movement and Fault Activity on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau     

TANG Wenqing  ZHANG Yongshuang  ZHANG Qingzhi  ZHOU Hongfu  PAN Zhongxi  LI Jun  YANG Cheng 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(2):456-466

The geology and tectonics in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau are complex. The main tectonic framework is composed of blocks and faults. Using discontinuous global positioning system survey data for 2008–2014, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework was obtained. Based on the velocity field, the present-day velocities of the blocks and boundary faults were estimated. The results reveal that the movement rates of the Chuan-Qing, South China, Chuan-Dian and Indo-China blocks are(17.02±0.60) mm/a,(8.77±1.51) mm/a,(13.85±1.31) mm/a and(6.84 ± 0.74) mm/a, respectively, and their movement directions are 99.5°, 120.3°, 142.9° and 153.3°, respectively. All blocks exhibit clockwise rotation. The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe, Longmenshan, Anninghe, Zemuhe, Xiaojiang and Red River faults are(7.30±1.25–8.30±1.26) mm/a,(10.07±0.97–11.79±0.89) mm/a,(0.96±0.74–2.98±1.73) mm/a,(2.03±0.49–3.20±0.73) mm/a,(3.45±0.40–6.02±0.50) mm/a and(6.23±0.56) mm/a, respectively. The Xianshuihe, Anninghe, Zemuhe and Xiaojiang faults show leftlateral strike-slip movement, while the Longmenshan and Red River faults show right-lateral strikeslip. These characteristics of the blocks and faults are related to the particular tectonic location and dynamic mechanism.  相似文献   

Logs Fluid Typing Methods and Adaptive Analysis of Tight Sandstone Reservoir of Yingcheng Formation in Lishu Fault     

Mao Keyu 《地球科学进展》2016,31(10):1056-1066

Tight clastic reservoirs are characterized with low porosity and low permeability, which reduce contributions of reservoir fluids to geophysical logging responses, and it is more difficult to identify fluids of the reservoir. Therefore, it is necessary to study log interpretation and comprehensive evaluation methods for such clastic reservoirs. This study focused on geological characteristics of tight clastic reservoir of Yingcheng formation in Lishu Fault. Based on logs sensitivity to fluids, some fluid typing methods were discussed in detail, which included log curve overlap method, acoustic time overlapping method from density and neutron logs, porosity difference and ratio method, porosity-resistivity crossplot, normal distribution method, and other methods, and some effective fluid evaluation method were established and optimized. These above-mentioned methods were verified, which could achieve layer qualitative identification of tight sandstone in the study area. By contrast, two logs overlapping methods, porosity difference and ratio method, resistivity-porosity crossplot are more suitable for natural gas reservoirs, while porosity difference and ratio method, porosity-resistivity chart, normal distribution method are more suitable for oil and water reservoirs. The case study suggests that these methods be combined to archive more correct log interpretation in the study area, which provides important decision-making reference for oilfield exploration and development.  相似文献   

敦密断裂带白垩纪两期重要的变形事件   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

孙晓猛  张旭庆  何松  王璞珺  郑涵  万阔  李多姿 《岩石学报》2016,32(4):1114-1128

本文报道了敦密断裂带糜棱岩中黑云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年结果和大规模走滑-逆冲断裂的几何学、运动学特征及其形成时代,以便揭示断裂带两期变形事件的构造属性。黑龙江省密山市花岗质糜棱岩中黑云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar加权平均年龄为132.2±1.2Ma,它是敦密断裂带经历伸展事件的冷却年龄,也是东北亚大陆边缘在早白垩世Hauterivian期-Albian期发生强烈区域伸展作用的产物。密山市至辽宁省清原县系列大型走滑-逆冲断层和断层相关褶皱揭示出在晚白垩世晚期-末期发生右旋走滑-逆冲事件,该事件规模大,影响范围广,导致整个断裂带遭受到强烈改造,形成对冲式断裂系统。将研究区走滑-逆冲断裂与山东省郯庐断裂带中段挤压构造对比,认为郯庐断裂带北段和中段在晚白垩世末期都发生了强烈的走滑-逆冲事件,它们具有相同的构造特征和构造属性。  相似文献   

贺兰山及周边地区加里东运动研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

许淑梅  冯怀伟  李三忠  李萌 《岩石学报》2016,32(7):2137-2150

基于对贺兰山及周边地区下古生界详细的野外地质调查,通过碎屑锆石年龄谱的物源分析、地层接触关系追踪、岩性岩相突变特征分析、残留地层分布、古生物组合及亲缘性分析,讨论了阿拉善地块与华北地块和中祁连地块的亲缘关系,探讨了研究区加里东运动的幕次,认为早古生代阿拉善地块和华北地块相互独立,俯冲造山特征建造不清晰,两者之间可能为转换型陆缘。阿拉善地块和中祁连地块之间的加里东运动幕次清晰。加里东运动一幕发生在中-晚寒武世,香山群深水复理石沉积和张夏组浅水碳酸盐台地相沉积呈拼合式接触,生物组合为亲华北-亲祁连混合型,彼时中祁连地块从Rodinia大陆裂离,逐步靠近阿拉善地块;加里东运动二幕发生在早-中奥陶世,下奥陶统碳酸盐岩在全区稳定分布,与下伏香山群不整合接触,与阿不且亥组整合接触,生物相统一,生物组合为华北型,中祁连地块-阿拉善地块-华北地块平和成为一个统一的块体,整体为浅水台地沉积环境;加里东运动三幕发生在奥陶纪末,中-上奥陶统与泥盆系角度不整合接触,商丹洋闭合,扬子地块与阿拉善地块和华北地块靠近,商丹缝合带南部的宽坪洋打开,导致研究区中、晚奥陶世亲华北-亲扬子混合型生物组合类型。  相似文献