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101.
We estimate the response of chl-a (mg · m–3) to changes in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) by calculating the slopeS = chl-a/TP in chl-a =f(TP) graphs. Results show that in years where algae are P-limited oligotrophic lakes respond less (median slope 0.21) to changes in nutrient concentrations than eutrophic lakes, (median slope 0.31) and these again less than hypereutrophic lakes, (median slope 1.02). We find no saturation value for the slope within the TP range considered (6–480 mg · m–3). Chl-a in eutrophic lakes responds more frequently to non-nutrient factors than oligotrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Results obtained by replacing TP with a new nutrient parameter, TP = 0.056 · TP · IN0.226, in which inorganic nitrogen, IN, is factored in, suggest that nitrogen has an influence on chl-a in oligotrophic lakes. Blue-green algae respond less to changes in TP than other algal species, e.g., diatoms. 相似文献
102.
Vincent Artus Louis J. Durlofsky Jérôme Onwunalu Khalid Aziz 《Computational Geosciences》2006,10(4):389-404
The determination of the optimal type and placement of a nonconventional well in a heterogeneous reservoir represents a challenging optimization problem. This determination is significantly more complicated if uncertainty in the reservoir geology is included in the optimization. In this study, a genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the deployment of nonconventional wells. Geological uncertainty is accounted for by optimizing over multiple reservoir models (realizations) subject to a prescribed risk attitude. To reduce the excessive computational requirements of the base method, a new statistical proxy (which provides fast estimates of the objective function) based on cluster analysis is introduced into the optimization process. This proxy provides an estimate of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the scenario performance, which enables the quantification of proxy uncertainty. Knowledge of the proxy-based performance estimate in conjunction with the proxy CDF enables the systematic selection of the most appropriate scenarios for full simulation. Application of the overall method for the optimization of monobore and dual-lateral well placement demonstrates the performance of the hybrid optimization procedure. Specifically, it is shown that by simulating only 10% or 20% of the scenarios (as determined by application of the proxy), optimization results very close to those achieved by simulating all cases are obtained. 相似文献
103.
林草复合经营模式养分动态关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
林草复合经营模式在目前的退耕还林工程中起着重要的作用,研究林草复合模式的林与草之间的营养元素关系,通过对不同林草养分的研究得出林木、草、土壤之间的养分动态关系,对矿质养分相互关系的研究为合理搭配林草提供重要依据,为退化山地生态系统的恢复和重建提供重要的模式。模式Ⅰ在退耕还林初期,土壤养分供给氮素虽未亏缺,但从三者问的消长关系看出:氮磷素供应并不富足,特别是水解性氮。土壤交换性钙供应不足,引起杉木与黑麦草对钙质竞争。而土壤全钙含量很高,钙质向交换性钙转化的速度缓慢。模式Ⅱ与模式Ⅰ得到相似结果,所以在这两种模式中应加强人为管理,在退耕初期应适当增施氮磷钙肥,辅以土壤结构改良,加速土壤养分向植物可利用态转化。模式Ⅲ牛鞭草的生物量极高,磷、钙索相对缺乏。由于牛鞭草被不断的采割用于牲畜的饲料,对该模式中必须进行一定养分的输入,以保持杂交竹与牛鞭草这一林草生态系统的养分平衡。 相似文献
104.
实施流域生态管理的长江中下游湿地保护探讨 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
长江中下游地区湿地分布广泛且类型多样,是我国淡水湖泊分布最集中和最具有代表性的地区。为了从根本上解决长江中下游湿地利用面临的问题,实现湿地资源的可持续利用,保护湿地环境,解决区内上、下游用水的供需矛盾,实现水资源的优化配置,调动区域湿地保护的积极性和主动性,有必要遵循湿地流域分布规律,应用流域生态学最新理论与实践成果,进行流域生态管理。一方面,要从流域角度处理好几大江湖关系、蓄泄关系、湖垸关系和山湖(河)关系等;另一方面,在流域内建立统一协调机制,对流域湿地进行保护与合理利用、合理布局和统一规划;同时在保护的前提下,科学合理地利用长江中下游湿地资源,开拓新的生产力。 相似文献
105.
国内外旅游解说研究进展综述 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
本文对国外旅游解说系统研究从旅游解说的起源、原理、内涵、框架、功能、受众类型、解说方式、解说规划等方面进行了全面的总结,综合了国内旅游研究的研究现状与趋势。寻找出国内解说研究与国外解说研究的差距,借此推动国内的旅游解说系统研究,从而更好地为旅游规划、旅游业的可持续发展和游客管理服务。 相似文献
106.
Shashank Shekhar 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1330-1338
The future availability and sustainability of fresh groundwater resources in the South West district of the national capital territory (NCT) Delhi, India, have been projected. Due to a rapid decline in groundwater level and quality, the district has been required by the Government of India to regulate development of groundwater resources. Shallow groundwater is mostly saline and water resources in the area are limited. The methodology applied here involves microzonation of the district in terms of thickness of fresh groundwater and then quantification of present and future availability of freshwater in different freshwater zones, including tentative timescales. The calculation method has been aided by data on historic trends in water level at representative groundwater monitoring stations, located either in fresh groundwater zones or near to them. It is estimated that the presently available 481 million m3 of resources will be reduced to 374 million m3 by year 2007 and to 303 million m3 by the year 2012, and by the year 2022 the district will have only 176 million m3 of available fresh groundwater resources. 相似文献
107.
In Gaborone, as in other large cities in the developing world, individuals try to make a living by engaging in novel occupations
such as landfill scavenging. This paper reports on a research conducted in the Gaborone landfill, the largest in Botswana.
The study content-analyzed available literature from other countries. It also relied mainly on direct field observations.
The discussions on and answers to closed and interview schedules by stakeholders, affected- and- interested – persons, provided
the information on the threats and opportunities related to the landfill site and its informal management activities. This
on-going case study lends credence to the potential of scavenging in sustaining livelihoods among those who cannot secure
employment in the formal urban market. Scavenging tends to be useful although it may hazardous to the informal entrepreneurs.
Taking all the threats into consideration, the decommissioning and closure of the landfill seems inevitable, in spite of the
apparent short-term livelihood opportunities it provides to the informal sector. 相似文献
108.
Athanasios Maramathas 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1360-1366
A new approach to the method of artificial upraising of the water outlet point, for management and development of brackish karst springs, uses the MODKARST model. Brackish karst springs simulation can be used to estimate the necessary upraising of the spring elevation, so that sea-water intrusion is blocked. The consequent freshwater loss to the sea, due to this upraising, can also be estimated. The method has been applied to the periodically brackish karst Almiros spring at Heraklion of Crete, Greece. The spring simulation showed that the sea-water intrusion could be prevented through an artificial upraising of the water-outlet point, realized by the construction of a dam. The exact upraising has been estimated. Freshwater loss to the sea because of this upraising has also been estimated. The model could also be used as a tool for the management of the spring. For example, it was used to assess management options for the spring during the depletion period of the year 1994. The best scenario for the development of the spring during this period has been estimated. 相似文献
109.
Libby Porter 《The Australian geographer》2006,37(3):355-374
Aboriginal cultural heritage protection, and the legislative regimes that underpin it, constitute important mechanisms for Aboriginal people to assert their rights and responsibilities. This is especially so in Victoria, where legislation vests wide-ranging powers and control of cultural heritage with Aboriginal communities. However, the politics of cultural heritage, including its institutionalisation as a scientific body of knowledge within the state, can also result in a powerful limiting of Aboriginal rights and responsibilities. This paper examines the politics of cultural heritage through a case study of a small forest in north-west Victoria. Here, a dispute about logging has pivoted around differing conceptualisations of Aboriginal cultural heritage values and their management. Cultural heritage, in this case, is both a powerful tool for the assertion of Aboriginal rights and interests, but simultaneously a set of boundaries within which the state operates to limit and manage the challenge those assertions pose. The paper will argue that Aboriginal cultural heritage is a politically contested and shifting domain structured around Aboriginal law and politics, Australian statute and the legacy of colonial history. 相似文献
110.
Decision-support systems for groundwater protection: innovative tools for resource management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stefan Kollarits Gerhard Kuschnig Miran Veselic Ante Pavicic Corrado Soccorso Marina Aurighi 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(6):840-848
Governmental authorities are forced by law to make decisions within the framework of European, national and regional directives
in the fields of spatial planning, groundwater and environmental protection. These tasks can be supported by a decision-support
system, which integrates data from various sources and helps to make decision processes more effective and transparent. Basic
work for such a decision support system has been done in a transnational and interdisciplinary project (Interreg II C: KATER),
including metadata definition, metadata system, cartographic tools and GIS tools. The direct integration of these tools and
information in the decision process will be implemented in the next few years (project KATER II). 相似文献