Probing the relationship between surface waters and aquifers by <Superscript>18</Superscript>O measurements on the top of the Araripe Plateau/NE Brazil     

Luiz?Alberto?Ribeiro?Mendon?a  Horst?FrischkornEmail author  Maria?Marlúcia?Freitas?Santiago  Josué?Mendes Filho 《Environmental Geology》2004,46(2):295-302

The Araripe Plateau in northeastern Brazil has an area of about 8,000 km², confined by 39°05E and 40°55E, and 7°10S and 7°50S. Due to high permeability of soils, a surface drainage system is practically inexistent. Water is stored in excavations with clayey soil, the barreiros. Monthly samples were taken for ¹⁸O measurements, from September 1999 to August 2000, from four barreiros, three dug wells and five drilled wells. Results show that (1) groundwaters in the eastern part of the plateau are derived from present-day rainfall (¹⁸O–3.2), whereas groundwaters in the western portion are isotopically different (¹⁸O–5.0); (2) barreiros are strongly marked seasonally by elevated ¹⁸O during the dry period due to elevated evaporation; (3) a dug well at a distance of 30 m from a barreiro exhibits ¹⁸O similar to that of the reservoir, indicating a strong interaction between groundwater and surface water; and (4) a tubular well of 242-m depth, located in a fault, exhibits strong seasonal changes in ¹⁸O and electrical conductivity, revealing downward leakage between aquifers.  相似文献   

Flow and transport through two-dimensional isotropic media of binary conductivity distribution. Part 1: NUMERICAL methodology and semi-analytical solutions     

A.?FioriEmail author  I.?Jankovic  G.?Dagan 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2003,17(6):370-383

Flow and transport take place in a heterogeneous medium made up from inclusions of conductivity K submerged in a matrix of conductivity K ₀. We consider two-dimensional isotropic media, with circular inclusions of uniform radii, that are placed at random and without overlap in the matrix. The system is completely characterized by the conductivity contrast =K/K ₀ and by the volume fraction n. The flow is uniform in the mean, of velocity U=const. The derivation of the velocity field is achieved by a numerical method of high accuracy, based on analytical elements. Approximate analytical solutions are derived by a few methods: composite elements, effective medium, dilute systems and first-order approximation in logconductivity variance. The latter was employed by Rubin (1995), while the dilute system approximation was used by Eames and Bush (1999) and Dagan and Lessoff (2001). Transport is solved in a Lagrangean framework, with trajectories determined numerically from the velocity field, by particle tracking. Results for the velocity variance and for the longitudinal macrodispersivity, for a few values of and n, are presented in Part 2.  相似文献   

Effect of upstream ponds on stream temperature   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J. Ham  L. Toran  J. Cruz 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(1):55-61

Many tributaries feeding streams are connected to ponds that heat up during summer months; however, the influence of these ponds on receiving stream temperature was not known. Stream temperature affects microfauna and fish habitats in aquatic ecosystems. Three tributaries with headwater ponds exposed to sunlight and one tributary unassociated with a large, upstream pond were selected for study within the Pennypack Creek watershed in the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. Temperature loggers were installed in the pond (when applicable), associated tributary, and in the Pennypack Creek up and downstream of its confluence with the tributary. Although diurnal temperature fluctuations were apparent, the study showed no significant differences in temperature up and downstream of tributary discharge to Pennypack Creek. Pond water temperatures were up to 4°C warmer than the Pennypack Creek; however, temperatures downstream and upstream of the tributaries leading out of the ponds were within 1°C of each other.  相似文献   

Floodplain sedimentation in the Upper Mississippi Valley: Natural versus human accelerated   总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2  

James C. Knox   《Geomorphology》2006,79(3-4):286

Understanding the time scales and pathways for response and recovery of rivers and floodplains to episodic changes in erosion and sedimentation has been a long standing issue in fluvial geomorphology. Floodplains are an important component of watershed systems because they affect downstream storage and delivery of overbank flood waters, and they also serve as sources and temporary sinks for sediments and toxic substances delivered by river systems. Here, ¹⁴C and ¹³⁷Cs isotopic dating methods are used along with ages of culturally related phenomena associated with mining and agriculture to determine rates of sedimentation and morphologic change for a reach of the upper Mississippi River and adjacent tributaries in southwestern Wisconsin and northwestern Illinois. The most important environmental change that influenced fluvial activity in this region during last 10,000 years involved the conversion of a late Holocene mosaic of prairie and forest to a landscape dominated by cropland and pastureland associated with Euro-American settlement. Results presented herein for the Upper Mississippi Valley (UMV) show that the shift from pre-agriculture, natural land cover to landscape dominance by agricultural land use of the last 175–200 years typically increased rates and magnitudes of floodplain sedimentation by at least an order of magnitude. Accelerated overbank flooding led to increased bank heights on tributary streams and, in turn, contributed to more frequent deep flows of high energy. These high energy flows subsequently promoted bank erosion and lateral channel migration, and the formation of a historical meander belt whose alluvial surface constitutes a new historical floodplain inset against the earlier historical floodplain. The new historical floodplain serves as a “flume-like” channel that provides efficient downstream transport of water and sediment associated with moderate and large magnitude floods. Floodplains on lower tributaries, however, continue to experience rates of overbank sedimentation that are of anomalously high magnitude given improved land cover and land conservation since about 1950. This lower valley anomaly is explained by minimal development of historical (agriculture period) meander belts because of relatively low stream power in these channel and floodplain reaches of relatively low gradient. In general, long-term pre-agriculture rates of vertical accretion between about 10,000 and 200 years ago averaged about 0.2 mm yr^− 1 in tributary watersheds smaller than about 700 km² and about 0.9 mm yr^− 1 on the floodplain of the upper Mississippi River where the contributing watershed area increases to about 170,000 km². On the other hand, rates of historical vertical accretion during the period of agricultural dominance of the last 200 years average between 2 and 20 mm yr^− 1, with short episodes of even higher rates during times of particularly poor land conservation practices. Significant hydrologic effects of mining and agricultural started by the 1820s and became widespread in the study region by the mid-19th century. The hydrologic and geomorphic influences of mining were relatively minor compared to those related to agriculture. High resolution dating of floodplain vertical accretion deposits shows that large floods have frequently provided major increments of sedimentation on floodplains of tributaries and the main valley upper Mississippi River. The relative importance of large floods as contributors to floodplain vertical accretion is noteworthy because global atmospheric circulation models indicate that the main channel upper Mississippi River should experience increased frequencies of extreme hydrologic events, including large floods, with anticipated continued global warming. Instrumental and stratigraphic records show that, coincident with global warming, a shift to more frequent large floods occurred since 1950 on the upper Mississippi River, and these floods generally contributed high magnitudes of floodplain sedimentation.  相似文献   

Dynamics of floodplain-island groundwater flow in the Okavango Delta, Botswana     

P. Wolski  H.H.G. Savenije   《Journal of Hydrology》2006,320(3-4):283-301

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Hydrodynamics of floodplain wetlands in a chalk catchment: The River Lambourn, UK     

T.R. Grapes  C. Bradley  G.E. Petts 《Journal of Hydrology》2006,320(3-4):324-341

Variations in floodplain channel water levels and valley floor groundwater levels (measured in piezometers and boreholes) are examined at selected points along the course of the River Lambourn, a chalk river in southern England. A local alluvial gravel aquifer in the valley bottom is associated with numerous small wetlands that extend over much of the river's perennial profile. Variations in hydraulic gradient between local borehole levels and/or floodplain channel water levels are described for three sites in the seasonal section of the channel at Bockhampton, East Garston and West Shefford. The results indicate that observed groundwater levels are closely associated with flows from discrete springs at the margins of the channel and floodplain. However, as the floodplain widens and the alluvial gravel aquifer increases in size, the gravel aquifer accounts for a substantial down-valley component of groundwater flow with a diffuse vertical water flux. In the lower catchment, the exchange of flows between the gravel aquifer and the river enables some attenuation of floodplain water-table variability, providing a stable hydrological regime for valley-bottom wetlands. Catchment controls upon the local, valley-bottom, wetland regime are demonstrated with the application of a simple groundwater model developed using MODFLOW. The model is used to simulate groundwater discharge to the river in the upper and lower catchment, in addition to the water level regime at selected points in the valley bottom in the lower catchment. The results demonstrate the importance of taking catchment-scale water flow into account when managing isolated wetlands in a permeable catchment.  相似文献   

Spatial variability and temporal stability of throughfall water under a dominant beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree in relationship to canopy cover     

Jeroen Staelens  An De Schrijver  Kris Verheyen  Niko E.C. Verhoest 《Journal of Hydrology》2006,330(3-4):651-662

Although the spatial heterogeneity of throughfall water (TF) under forest canopies has been related to vegetation structure in several forest types, few reports have been made of the driving factors of small-scale TF variability in deciduous stands. Therefore, the spatial variability of the amount of TF water under one dominant beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree was quantified in high temporal and spatial resolution over a 2-year period to examine the temporal stability of spatial TF variability and to relate spatial TF patterns to canopy cover determined photographically above each TF collector (n = 48). The spatial variability of TF was significantly higher during the leafed periods (coefficient of variation (CV) = 18%) than during the leafless periods (CV = 8%), and a strong negative relationship was observed between the CV of event TF and the TF fraction of rainfall in the open field. Geostatistical analysis showed that the cumulative TF water during the leafed periods was spatially correlated up to a distance of 3–4 m. There was a significant temporal stability of spatial TF patterns in the growing periods and in the dormant periods, but patterns differed largely between the two periods of the year. TF water during the growing periods significantly decreased with increasing canopy cover above the sampling locations (r = −0.54, p = 0.014, n = 20), but was more closely correlated with branch cover (r = −0.77, p < 0.001). However, the spatial pattern of TF during defoliated conditions was not related to the measured variation in branch cover.  相似文献   

Biodiversity and its conservation in the Sundarban Mangrove Ecosystem   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Brij Gopal  Malavika Chauhan 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2006,68(3):338-354

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Habitat dynamics in the bed sediments of an intermittent upland stream     

Fiona J. McKenzie-Smith  Stuart E. Bunn  Alan P. N. House 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2006,68(1):86-99

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泥石流灾害水文气象联合预报   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

丛威青  潘懋  任群智  李铁锋 《山地学报》2006,24(4):437-441

由于降雨型泥石流是我国泥石流灾害的主要类型,所以以往对泥石流灾害的预测预报主要通过对雨量数据的分析来实现。但是由于雨量站记录雨量和灾害发生雨量并不一致,这就极大的影响了单纯依赖雨量数据预测预报的准确性。在分析环境因素影响的基础上,将水文和气象资料结合起来,用于泥石流灾害的预测预报。通过比较灾害发生前、发生时和发生后的河流洪峰流量、日降雨量和小时降雨量,发现洪峰流量和小时降雨量对灾害发生有很好的指示作用。经过在辽宁省岫岩满族自治县的试验,得到洪峰流量1 800 m3/s和小时降雨量50~60 mm这两个该县泥石流灾害发生临界值。结果表明水文和气象资料的联合应用,会大大改进泥石流灾害的预测预报效果。  相似文献