Urban Form,Air Pollution,and CO2 Emissions in Large U.S. Metropolitan Areas     

Bradley Bereitschaft  Keith Debbage 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):612-635

In this article we explore the relationships between urban form and air pollution among 86 U.S. metropolitan areas. Urban form was quantified using preexisting sprawl indexes and spatial metrics applied to remotely sensed land cover data. Air pollution data included the nonpoint source emission of the ozone (O₃) precursors nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the concentration of O₃, the concentration and nonpoint source emission of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from on-road sources. Metropolitan areas that exhibited higher levels of urban sprawl, or sprawl-like urban morphologies, generally exhibited higher concentrations and emissions of air pollution and CO₂ when controlling for population, land area, and climate.  相似文献   

EDAPHIC LIMITATION OF A BRAZILIAN RAINFOREST PALM: THE ROLE OF ENERGY ALLOCATION AND COMPETITION FOR SUNLIGHT     

Robert A. Voeks 《自然地理学》2013,34(2):154-171

Tropical forest palms are often associated with specific soil conditions, yet the ecological role of edaphic limitation in Palmae has seldom been considered. In the Atlantic Coastal Forest Biome of eastern Bahia, Brazil, the piassava palm (Attalea funifera) inhabits coastal podzolic soils but not nearby latosols. This paper examines the role of changing edaphic conditions and access to sunlight in the restriction of this species to tropical podzols.  相似文献   

Clustering and classifying channel morphology in Eastern Oklahoma ecoregions using dissimilarity coefficients     

Dale K. Splinter 《自然地理学》2013,34(6):512-528

Ecoregions are generally homogenous areas that comprise similar associations of geology, climate, soils, land use, and potential natural vegetation. However, a certain amount of physical variability exists in ecoregions which makes them spatially diverse in their characteristics. Euclidean Sum of Squares was used to calculate the amount of stream reach dissimilarity within and between three prominent eastern Oklahoma ecoregions: Boston Mountains, Ozark Highlands, and Ouachita Mountains. Dissimilarity proximity coefficients were used to cluster stream reaches and create exemplars for each cluster. Streams were classified using the Rosgen classification to evaluate whether dissimilarity values could be applied to the classification. Metrics used to calculate stream reach dissimilarity were median particle size, bankfull width, width–depth ratio, gradient, and sinuosity. Maximum stream reach dissimilarity between two sites within the same ecoregion is highest in the Ouachita Mountains (18.59) and followed by the Ozark Highlands (13.12) and Boston Mountains (9.58). Removal of ecoregion boundaries increased maximum proximity coefficient dissimilarity between two sites in the Ozark Highlands and Ouachita Mountains to 34.26. Utilizing the dissimilarity of channel morphology for the purpose of regional classification helps in the understanding of how broad-scale processes influence the fluvial system.  相似文献   

Effects of Woody Debris on Channel Morphology and Sediment Storage in Headwater Streams in the Great Smoky Mountains,Tennessee-North Carolina     

《自然地理学》2013,34(6):492-510

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important component of headwater streams, however, few studies have investigated the geomorphic effects of CWD in the southern Appalachians. In the Great Smoky Mountains, debris slides supply large volumes of CWD and sediment to low-order streams. This study investigates the effect of CWD on bankfull channel dimensions and in-channel sediment storage along second-order streams. Comparisons are made between streams that have experienced recent debris slides and those that have not. CWD channel obstructions are larger but less frequent along debris-slide-affected streams. Dendrochronological evidence indicates that CWD can remain in channels for over 100 yr. Relatively short residence times of CWD along debris-slide-affected streams suggest that logs are frequently flushed through these streams. CWD causes channel widening along all study streams, but the volume of sediment stored in the channel behind CWD obstructions is up to four times greater than the volume of sediment represented by bank erosion associated with CWD. Two large log jams formed by debris slides at tributary junctions stored approximately 4000 m³ of sediment. Sediment stored by CWD was finer than mean bed particle size, and thus represents a significant sediment source when CWD obstructions are breached.  相似文献   

Fluvial diversity in relation to valley setting in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

Guo-an Yu  Le Liu  Zhiwei Li  Yanfu Li  Heqing Huang  Gary Brierley  Brendon Blue  Zhaoyin Wang  Baozhu Pan 《地理学报(英文版)》2013,23(5):817-832

The spatial distribution of valley setting （laterally-unconfined, partly-confined, or confined） and fluvial morphology in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers is contrasted and analyzed. The source region of the Yangtze River is divided into 3 broad sections （I, II and III） based on valley setting and channel gradient, with the upstream and downstream sections being characterized by confined （some reaches partly-confined） valleys while the middle section is characterized with wide and shallow, laterally-unconfined valleys. Gorges are prominent in sections I and III, while braided channel patterns dominate section II. By contrast, the source region of the Yellow River is divided into 5 broad sections （sections I-V） based on valley characteristics and channel gradient. Sections I, II and IV are alluvial reaches with mainly laterally-unconfined （some short reaches partly-confined） valleys. Sections III and V are mainly confined or partly-confined. Greater morphological diversity is evident in the source region of the Yellow River relative to the upper Yangtze River. This includes braided, anabranching, anastomosing, meandering and straight alluvial patterns, with gorges in confined reaches. The macro-relief （elevation, gradient, aspect, valley alignment and confinement） of the region, linked directly to tectonic movement of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, tied to climatic, hydrologic and biotic considerations, are primary controls upon the patterns of river diversity in the region.  相似文献   

斑石鲷消化系统形态学与组织学观察     

陈宵  肖志忠  肖永双  姬广磊  邓钦有  李旋  王雨福  马玉婷  李军  刘相全  连昌  连亚明  杨理忠 《海洋科学》2022,46(7):70-77

为探明斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)消化系统的形态特征和组织学结构,助力斑石鲷的人工繁育及养殖技术研发,作者采用形态解剖学和组织学切片技术对斑石鲷消化系统进行了实验研究。研究发现斑石鲷的消化道共由6部分组成,从头至尾依次是口咽腔、食道、胃、幽门盲囊、小肠、直肠。斑石鲷的口咽腔内部空间大,颌齿内部彼此连接、外部愈合,呈现典型的鹦鹉喙状,咽齿呈扁平的圆盾状,于上下颌齿内侧上下对称分布,这样复合结构(喙状颌齿与圆盾状咽齿)使得斑石鲷能够轻易地碾碎甲壳动物的外壳,进而完成摄食。斑石鲷的食道短粗,黏膜层密布具纵褶,内部含有丰富的杯状细胞,能够协助斑石鲷吞咽食物。胃部呈典型的不对称V型,黏膜层下分布着密集的胃腺,幽门部拥有整个消化道最厚实的肌肉层,摄取的食物将在这里完成消化和分解。斑石鲷的小肠分为前肠、中肠、后肠3部分,管径大小逐次递减,黏膜层上肠绒毛的密度和长度也遵同样的规律,从结构可以推断出斑石鲷肠道吸收功能主要集中于前中肠。直肠管径与小肠前肠段接近,长度很短仅为小肠的1/7,相比小肠部分,肠绒毛更加稀疏,绒毛长度也更短,主要承担消化残留物的压缩排泄和水分与微量元素的重吸收,相对简单结构对应着相对简单的功能。  相似文献   

2010—2020及影响因素分析年青岛海滩剖面稳定性     

梁伟强  王永红  王凯伟 《海洋通报》2022,(1)

海滩的稳定性及其演变是砂质海滩研究的重要内容。在全球砂质海滩普遍遭受侵蚀的背景下,分析部分稳定海滩的特征和原因可以为海滩维护和科学管理提供重要参考。本文基于近 11 年 （2010—2020 年） 青岛第一、第三和石老人海水浴场共 8 条典型剖面的实地监测高程数据,对海滩滩肩宽度和单宽体积进行计算对比,研究表明,除石老人海水浴场一个剖面变化较大外,其他剖面的滩肩宽度只变化了 0~14 m,是 11 年前的 0%~23.3%;单宽体积变化了 8.5~46.5 m3,是 11 年前的1.0%~9.4%;海滩剖面垂向扰动范围一般在 30~60 cm 范围内。海滩存在局部小尺度淤积或侵蚀,剖面形态总体较为稳定。海平面变化、台风和风暴潮等自然因素是海岸轻微侵蚀或调整的重要影响因素,但对海滩的优化管理 （包括定期监测海滩、适度展开养护、制定完善的管理政策和加强执行力度等人为因素） 可以应对这些海滩变化,并且已成为近年来该研究海滩保持稳定的关键因素。  相似文献   

Evaluation of floodplain variability considering impacts of climate change     

Mohammad Karamouz  Navideh Noori  Ali Moridi  Azadeh Ahmadi 《水文研究》2011,25(1):90-103

In this study, an approach is presented for handling hydraulic uncertainties in the prediction of floodplain. Different factors affect river flood characteristics. Furthermore, the high changeability of flooding conditions leads to high variability of the inundation. River morphology is one of the most effective factors in river flood characteristics. This factor is influenced by sedimentation and erosion in the river cross sections, which affects the discharge variation. The depth and the width of the river cross section lead to an increase or decrease in the river flow path. This results in changes in the extent of the floodplain based on the generated rainfall. The inundated region boundaries are determined by utilizing the mean first‐order second‐moment analysis. The proposed method is applied to the Kajoo River in the south‐eastern part of Iran. Determination of floodplain uncertainty is a damage‐reduction policy in this region. Also, it is useful to prepare the necessary activities for overcoming the flood hazards. Climate change is the second effective factor on the floodplain uncertainties. Climate change affects the magnitude, extent and depth of inundation and it may intensify the flood problem. Therefore, the future rainfall pattern of the study area under climate change is simulated to evaluate its impacts on the river flow characteristic. Subsequently, a hydraulic routing model is used to determine floodplain. Finally, the copula function is used to estimate the joint probability of the changes in the inundation area due to changes in river morphology and the rainfall changes due to impacts of climate change. Results show that the uncertainties of the extent of floodplain are affected by climate change and river morphology, leading to noticeable changes in the magnitude and frequency of floods. Evaluating these impacts and estimating corresponding river discharges will help in the study of river dynamics, and will also contribute towards devising effective mitigation and management strategies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Riffle‐pool morphometry and stage‐dependant morphodynamics of a large floodplain river (Vereinigte Mulde,Sachsen‐Anhalt,Germany)     

Thomas Vetter 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(12):1647-1657

Riffle‐pool sequences are a common feature of gravel‐bed rivers. However, mechanisms of their generation and maintenance are still not fully understood. In this study a monitoring approach is employed that focuses on analysing cross‐sectional and longitudinal channel geometry of a large floodplain river (Vereinigte Mulde, Sachsen‐Anhalt, Germany) with a high temporal and spatial resolution, in order to conclude from stage‐dependant morphometric changes to riffle and pool maintaining processes. In accordance with previous authors, pool cross‐sections of the Mulde River are narrow and riffle cross‐sections are wide suggesting that they should rather be addressed as two general types of channel cross‐sections than solely as bedforms. At high flows, riffles and pools in the study reaches changed in length and height but not in position. Pools were scoured and riffles aggraded, a development which was reversed during receding flows below the threshold of 0·4Q_bf (40% bankfull discharge). An index for the longitudinal amplitude of riffle‐pool sequences, the bed undulation intensity or bedform amplitude, is introduced and proved to be highly significant as a form parameter, its first derivative as a process parameter. The process of pool scour and riffle fill is addressed as bedform maintenance or bedform accentuation. It is indicated by increasing longitudinal bed amplitudes. According to the observed dynamics of bed amplitudes, maintenance of riffle‐pool sequences lags behind discharge peaks. Maximum bed amplitudes may be reached with a delay of several days after peak discharges. Increasing bed undulation intensity is interpreted to indicate bed mobility. Post‐flood decrease of the bed undulation intensity indicates a retrograde phase when transport from pools to riffles has ceased and bed mobility is restricted to riffle tails and heads of pools. This type of transport behaviour is referred to as disconnected mobility. The comparison of two river reaches, one with undisturbed sediment supply, the other with sediment deficit, suggests that high bed undulation intensity values at low flows indicate sediment deficit and potentially channel degrading conditions. It is more generally hypothesized that channel bed undulations constitute a major component of form roughness and that increased bed amplitudes are an important feature of channel bed adjustment to sediment deficit be it temporally during late floods or permanently due to a supply limitation of bedload. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

一种快速的震害评估方法——基于区域的遥感影像差值分割提取技术研究     

翟永梅  王森  沈祖炎 《地震研究》2011,34(2):227-232

根据建筑物在高分辨率遥感影像中“面”的特征,对差值法提取倒塌建筑物技术进行改进,将多阈值分割、类别筛选和数学形态学运算等概念引入差值法后处理过程中,提出基于区域的差值分割提取技术,并将新方法引入到完好建筑物的提取.通过对汶川地震中都江堰市某个街区进行计算,使用改进后的新方法进行评估,并与面向对象的方法和目视判读方法进行...  相似文献