The geography of tyranny and despair: development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

STEPHEN MORSE 《The Geographical journal》2008,174(3):195-206

Development geography has long sought to understand why inequalities exist and the best ways to address them. Dependency theory sets out an historical rationale for under development based on colonialism and a legacy of developed core and under-developed periphery. Race is relevant in this theory only insofar that Europeans are white and the places they colonised were occupied by people with darker skin colour. There are no innate biological reasons why it happened in that order. However, a new theory for national inequalities proposed by Lynn and Vanhanen in a series of publications makes the case that poorer countries have that status because of a poorer genetic stock rather than an accident of history. They argue that IQ has a genetic basis and IQ is linked to ability. Thus races with a poorer IQ have less ability, and thus national IQ can be positively correlated with performance as measured by an indicator like GDP/capita. Their thesis is one of despair, as little can be done to improve genetic stock significantly other than a programme of eugenics. This paper summarises and critiques the Lynn and Vanhanen hypothesis and the assumptions upon which it is based, and uses this analysis to show how a human desire to simplify in order to manage can be dangerous in development geography. While the attention may naturally be focused on the 'national IQ' variables as a proxy measure of 'innate ability', the assumption of GDP per capita as an indicator of 'success' and 'achievement' is far more readily accepted without criticism. The paper makes the case that the current vogue for indicators, indices and cause–effect can be tyrannical.  相似文献   

A quantitative comparison and analysis on the assessment indicators of greenhouse gases emission     

ZHANG Zhiqiang  QU Jiansheng  ZENG Jingjing 《地理学报》2008,18(4):387-399

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indicators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute (WRI), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries (USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia), and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita (IAEC) is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in industrialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.  相似文献   

温室气体排放评价指标及其定量分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张志强  曲建升  曾静静 《地理学报(英文版)》2008,18(4):387-399

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases （GHG） emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indi- cators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute （WRI）, the US Energy Information Administration （EIA）, and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center （CDIAC）, the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries （USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia）, and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita （IAEC） is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in indus- trialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.  相似文献   

基于夜间灯光辐射数据的张掖市甘州区GDP空间分布建模     

梁友嘉  徐中民 《冰川冻土》2013,35(1):249-354

尽管近年来统计数据的生成技术有了很大提高, 但可用的详细GDP空间分布数据始终难以得到满足. 以夜间灯光辐射数据、 官方统计数据和已有空间化人口分布数据构建了一种GDP空间化建模方法, 得到张掖市甘州区2000年的GDP空间分布. 首先, 分析基于乡镇单元的GDP与对应的夜间灯光辐射数据DN值之间的关系, 得到GDP模拟模型; 然后结合人口空间分布数据和三次产业的比例, 得到基于500 m×500 m栅格的GDP空间分布图. 各乡镇的GDP平均值为372×10⁴元, 标准差为34×10⁴元.  相似文献   

Mapping and ranking global mortality,affected population and GDP loss risks for multiple climatic hazards     

Peijun Shi  Xu Yang  Jiayi Fang  Jing’ai Wang  Wei Xu  Guoyi Han 《地理学报(英文版)》2016,26(7):878-888

Coping with extreme climate events and its related climatic disasters caused by climate change has become a global issue and drew wide attention from scientists, policy-makers and public. This paper calculated the expected annual multiple climatic hazards intensity index based on the results of nine climatic hazards including tropical cyclone, flood, landslide, storm surge, sand-dust storm, drought, heat wave, cold wave and wildfire. Then a vulnerability model involving the coping capacity indicator with mortality rate, affected population rate and GDP loss rate, was developed to estimate the expected annual affected population, mortality and GDP loss risks. The results showed that: countries with the highest risks are also the countries with large population or GDP. To substantially reduce the global total climatic hazards risks, these countries should reduce the exposure and improving the governance of integrated climatic risk; Without considering the total exposure, countries with the high mortality rate, affected population rate or GDP loss rate, which also have higher or lower coping capacity, such as the Philippines, Bangladesh and Vietnam, are the hotspots of the planning and strategy making for the climatic disaster risk reduction and should focus on promoting the coping capacity.  相似文献   

DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像中国区域的校正及应用   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

曹子阳  吴志峰  匡耀求  黄宁生 《地球信息科学学报》2015,17(9):1092-1102

美国国防气象卫星搭载的业务型线扫描传感器（DMSP/OLS）获取的夜间灯光影像,可客观地反映人类开发建设活动强度,其广泛应用于城市遥感的多个领域。但该数据缺少星上的辐射校正,下载的原始影像数据集不能直接用于研究,需进行区域校正。长时间序列的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像数据集主要存在2个问题需在校正过程中解决：（1）原始影像数据集中的影像是非连续性的;（2）数据集中的每一期影像都存在着像元DN值饱和的现象。针对这2个问题,本文提出了一种不变目标区域法的影像校正方法,对提取出来的每一期中国区域的夜间灯光影像进行了校正,该校正方法包括相互校正、饱和校正和影像间的连续性校正。最后,为了检验校正方法的合理性与可靠性,本文将校正前后中国夜间灯光影像与GDP和电力消耗值,分别进行回归分析评价表明,校正后的影像更客观合理地反映区域经济发展的差异。  相似文献   

工业部门的终端能源消费“S”形模型研究     

刘固望  王安建 《地球学报》2017,38(1):30-36

工业部门作为终端能源消费中三大主要部门之一,对经济发展具有重要作用。本文系统分析了15个发达经济体100多年来工业部门终端能源消费与人口和经济发展(GDP)的关系,发现随着人均GDP的增长,工业部门的人均终端能源消费显现缓慢增长、加速增长、减速增长到零增长或负增长的"S"形轨迹,并可分为高、中、低三个类型。通过重点解剖美、日、德、法和意大利等典型国家工业部门终端能源消费与经济发展的历史,标定了不同类型"S"形曲线的起飞点、转折点和零增长点,讨论了工业部门终端能源消费与能源消费强度、二产比例、城市化率和人均钢铁消费的内在联系,建立了"S"形曲线的一般性数学模型。工业部门终端能源消费与经济发展定量关系的确定对于国家,特别是发展中国家把握工业化过程能源消费趋势、预测能源需求和制定相关能源政策具有重要意义。  相似文献   

城市化进程中生态环境响应模型研究——以西安为例   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

吴永娇  马海州  董锁成  仝彩蓉 《地理科学》2009,29(1)

在建立城市生态环境评价模型,模拟预测城市化过程中引起的土地效益、社会经济发展与生态环境动态变化过程基础上.运用遥感影像解译技术,对城市扩张引起的城市土地利用和土地效益动态变化进行定量分析.采用GIS工具分析城市环境空间分布方式;根据社会福利最大化和绿色GDP(即,GGDP)等理论模拟城市生态环境在不同社会经济情景之下的城市化响应.模型是以西安1996到2006年城市扩张作为案例研究分析,结果表明:在现有的条件下,理论上西安城市扩张最优是在2021;在社会经济不断发展的条件下,城市扩张引起的边际生态环境成本小于平均土地效益时才会增加土地效益;技术进步与创新可降低生态环境成本,使城市化水平提高.  相似文献   

新疆天山北坡干旱区GDP时空模拟   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

黄莹  包安明  陈曦  刘海隆  杨光华 《地理科学进展》2009,28(4):494-502

针对资源环境研究领域对空间型社会经济数据的需求,本文以新疆天山北坡为试验区,在分析区域经济发展特征的基础上,根据分县控制、分产业建模的思路,建立基于土地利用的1 km栅格GDP空间化模型对统计型经济数据进行空间分布仿真模拟。对第一产业产值采用面积权重的方法进行拟合;对第二产业建立基于道路的反距离加权模型;第三产业则以城镇规模为基础,通过引入城市边缘距离概念建立多中心的距离衰减加幂指数模型。结果表明,天山北坡GDP空间分布模拟在分产业和分县水平上具有较高精度,模拟值与真实值间的相对误差均在1%以内。从研究区GDP的空间分布来看,高值区主要集中在米泉至沙湾一线,以乌鲁木齐市、石河子市以及克拉玛依市为核心向周围地区辐射;城市内部GDP密度由城市中心向外围递减,建成区GDP密度明显高于城郊及农村地区。1995、2000和2007年三期GDP模拟结果的对比较真实地反映了区域经济发展的历程,对准确把握区域经济动态具有一定的实用价值。  相似文献   

中国典型旅游上市公司业绩与区域经济的关系   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

金雪军  张学勇 《地理学报》2005,60(6):911-918

从市场构成的角度来研究中国典型旅游上市公司的不同层次市场域中经济发展水平、人口数量对其业绩的影响,我们发现典型旅游上市公司属地省份的经济发展水平会对其业绩有显著的影响,相邻省份经济发展水平的影响程度要小于景点属地省份,而次相邻省份经济发展水平对典型旅游上市公司业绩没有显著的影响。这个结论与旅游系统距离衰减规律是相一致的。当保持经济发展水平等其他控制变量不变的情况下,在不同层次市场域中,单纯的人口增加并不会对典型旅游上市公司的业绩有显著影响。  相似文献