Mars high resolution gravity fields from MRO, Mars seasonal gravity, and other dynamical parameters     

Alex S. Konopliv  Sami W. Asmar  Özgür Karatekin  Suzanne E. Smrekar  Maria T. Zuber 《Icarus》2011,211(1):401-428

With 2 years of tracking data collection from the MRO spacecraft, there is noticeable improvement in the high frequency portion of the spherical harmonic Mars gravity field. The new JPL Mars gravity fields, MRO110B and MRO110B2, show resolution near degree 90. Additional years of MGS and Mars Odyssey tracking data result in improvement for the seasonal gravity changes which compares well to global circulation models and Odyssey neutron data and Mars rotation and precession (). Once atmospheric dust is accounted for in the spacecraft solar pressure model, solutions for Mars solar tide are consistent between data sets and show slightly larger values (k₂ = 0.164 ± 0.009, after correction for atmospheric tide) compared to previous results, further constraining core models. An additional 4 years of Mars range data improves the Mars ephemeris, determines 21 asteroid masses and bounds solar mass loss (dGM_Sun/dt < 1.6 × 10⁻¹³ GM_Sun year⁻¹).  相似文献   

Discovery prospects for a supernova signature of biogenic origin     

S. Bishop  R. Egli 《Icarus》2011,212(2):960-361

Approximately 2.8 Myr before the present our planet was subjected to the debris of a supernova explosion. The terrestrial proxy for this event was the discovery of live atoms of ⁶⁰Fe in a deep-sea ferromanganese crust. The signature for this supernova event should also reside in magnetite (Fe₃O₄) microfossils produced by magnetotactic bacteria extant at the time of the Earth-supernova interaction, provided the bacteria preferentially uptake iron from fine-grained iron oxides and ferric hydroxides. Using estimates for the terrestrial supernova ⁶⁰Fe flux, combined with our empirically derived microfossil concentrations in a deep-sea drill core, we deduce a conservative estimate of the ⁶⁰Fe fraction as ⁶⁰Fe/Fe ≈ 3.6 × 10⁻¹⁵. This value sits comfortably within the sensitivity limit of present accelerator mass spectrometry capabilities. The implication is that a biogenic signature of this cosmic event is detectable in the Earth’s fossil record.  相似文献   

The deep interior of Venus, Mars, and the Earth: A brief review and the need for planetary surface-based measurements     

Antoine Mocquet  Pascal Rosenblatt 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(10):1048-1061

A comparison of the internal structure of Earth-like planets is unavoidable to understand the formation and evolution of the solar system, and the differences between Earth’s, Mars’, and Venus’ atmospheres, surfaces and tectonic behaviors. Recent studies point at the role of core structure and dynamics in the evolution of the atmosphere, mantle and crust. On Earth, the crust thickness and the radius and physical state of the cores are known for almost one century, since the advent of seismological observations, but the lack of long-term surface-based geodetic, electromagnetic and seismological observations on the other planets, results in very large uncertainties on the crust thickness, on the temperature and composition of their mantle, and on the size and physical state of their cores. According to the currently available geodetic data, Mars’ dimensionless mean-moment-of-inertia ratio is equal to 0.3653±0.0008. When combined with geochemical observations and with the inputs of laboratory experiments on planetary materials at high pressure and high temperature, this result constrains a narrow range of density values for Mars’ mantle and favors a light [6200-6765 kg m⁻³] sulfur-rich core, but it still allows for a 1600-1750 km range for the core radius, i.e. an uncertainty at least ten times larger than the precision obtained in 1913 by Gutenberg for the Earth’s core. Mars’ mantle density distribution may be explained by a large range of temperatures and mineralogical compositions, either olivine- or pyroxene-rich. The unknown mean thickness of Mars’ crust makes necessary a number of working assumptions for the interpretation of gravimetric and magnetic data. The situation is worse for Venus, and the most conservative model of its deep interior is a transposition of the Earth’s structure scaled to Venus’ radius and mass. The temperature conditions at the surface of this planet hardly make possible long-term ground-based measurements, but this is indeed feasible at the surface of Mars. Precise measurements of Mars’ crust thickness, core radius and structure, and the proof of the existence or absence of an inner core, would put tight constraints on mantle dynamics and thermal evolution, and on possible scenarios leading to the extinction of Mars’ magnetic field about 4.0 Ga ago. Long-lasting surface-based geodetic, seismological and magnetic observations would provide this information, as well as the distributions as a function of depth of the density, elastic and anelastic parameters, and electrical conductivity. Current studies on the structure of Earth’s deep interior demonstrate that the latter data set, when constrained by laboratory experiments, may be inverted in terms of temperature, chemical, and mineralogical compositions.  相似文献   

当代中国地球物理学向何处去   总被引：22，自引：19，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

滕吉文 《地球物理学进展》2006,21(2):327-339

在20世纪的百年中,地球物理学在经历了以活动论为内涵的板块构造和行星际探测双重革命的重大发展时期以后,当今正处在一个新的起点上.从全球地球科学发展趋势来看,地球物理学的未来面临着比以往任何时候都更富有挑战性,特别是在当今经济全球化和科学全球化的复杂格局下.显然,当必会展现出前所未有的发现和突破的机遇,同时也正在一个充满希望的新的转折点上.然而,当今我国的地球物理学却在不断削弱,并逐步入“消亡”,即面临着严峻的“危机”.在这21世纪的新时期,中国地球物理学向何处去?它面临的“危机”在哪里?其机遇又在何方?它在社会发展与科学进步的长河中占有什么样的地位?又扮演着什么样的角色?国人必须给予严肃的关注,以使其在中国地球物理学的发展和逐步步入世界科技强国的进程中,发挥其本能的作用,并做出应有的新贡献.为此,本文将讨论以下4个方面的问题：(1)地球物理学的发展导向和战略意义;(2)20世纪百年来地球物理学主要的重大成就;(3)当今中国地球物理学的发展势态与危机;(4)当今中国地球物理学向何处去.  相似文献   

A spectral-geophysical approach for detecting pipeline leakage     

M. van der Meijde  H.M.A. van der Werff  P.F. Jansma  F.D. van der Meer  G.J. Groothuis 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2009

Leakage of hydrocarbon has a large economic and environmental impact. Traditional methods for investigating leakage and resulting pollution, such as drilling, are destructive, time consuming and expensive. Remote sensing is an alternative that is non-destructive and has been been tested extensively for exploration of onshore hydrocarbon reservoirs and detection of hydrocarbons at the Earth’s surface. In this research, a leaking pipeline is investigated through field reflectance spectrometry and the findings are validated with traditional drilling and geophysical measurements. The measurements show a significant increase of vegetation anomalies on the pipeline with respect to areas further away. The observed anomalies are positively related to hydrocarbon pollution through chemical analysis of drillings. Subsurface geophysical measurements show a large correlation with observed surface vegetation stress, enhancing the identification of hydrocarbon-related vegetation stress through spectroscopy.  相似文献