Quantitative analysis of physical and geotechnical factors affecting methane emission in municipal solid waste landfill   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dawit Tecle  Jejung Lee  Syed Hasan 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(6):1135-1143

The amount of methane that vent from landfills is dependent on the physical, chemical and biological components of the soil cover. Especially moisture content and temperature of the soil are known as the major controlling factors. In situ moisture content measurement is very critical because the moisture content of the soil continuously changes within minutes to hours as a result of change in temperature. The presented study used time domain reflectometry to measure in situ moisture content and analyzed moisture content, temperature and methane data of the landfill soil cover in a quantitative manner. Geotechnical factors including soil grain size and uniformity coefficient of the soil were analyzed and their influence on moisture content and methane emission was examined. The authors used kriging and polynomial regression methods to characterize the spatial distribution of moisture content and methane emission. Methane emission showed good temporal correlation with soil temperature, however, no significant relationship between moisture content and methane emission was observed. Spatial distribution of soil attributes was also analyzed to examine its effect on those variables. The spatial pattern of moisture content was quite similar to that of uniformity coefficient, C _u and that of clay content of the soil but strongly contrasted to that of methane emission.  相似文献   

Efficient clustered server-side data analysis workflows using SWAMP     

Daniel L. Wang  Charles S. Zender  Stephen F. Jenks 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(3):141-155

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用雷达电磁波探测研究南极冰盖浅层散射特征:以中山站至Dome A冰盖断面为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

蒋芸芸  孙波  柯长青  崔祥斌  唐学远  郭井学  张向培 《极地研究》2009,21(1):48-59

本研究运用双频雷达(60MHz和179MHz)获取的南极中山站-Dome A断面的雷达回波探测数据,对冰盖浅部100-700m的雷达内部反射层和接收功率变化定量计算分析表明,60MHz的雷达回波能量比179MHz衰减得更快;中山站-Dome A断面冰盖浅层700m以上的雷达反射层形成的主导原因是冰密度的变化;断面上不同测站点间同一深度的接收功率差值达到10dB,表明冰盖浅层散射存在显著差异。  相似文献   

青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计的多样化   总被引：22，自引：2，他引：20  

阎建忠  吴莹莹  张镱锂  周绍宾  石玉林 《地理学报》2009,64(2)

随着草地退化和药材资源减少,青藏高原东部农牧民的生计受到了严重影响.农牧民如何利用生计资产实现生计多样化是该区域可持续发展面临的关键问题.实地调查采用PRA法,结合调查结果调整了生计资产评估指标,从样带尺度定量分析了高原东部高山峡谷区、山原区和高原区农牧民的生计资产现状、生计多样化特点和今后的生计策略.结果表明:①生计多样化是农牧民普遍采用的生计策略.高山峡谷区农牧民生计多样化水平较高,从事二三产业较多,普遍寻求发展型生计.而随着海拔升高,农牧民的生计多样化水平降低,从事的生计活动类型减少,发展型生计的比例也降低;②海拔较低的高山峡谷区和山原区,生计资产总值高,而海拔越高的高原区,生计资产总值较低,主要反映在人力资产和自然资产上;③居民所拥有的生计资产与生计多样化水平高度正相关;④农牧民近期仍基于生计资产改善生计策略;⑤高山峡谷区和山原区农牧民寻求发展型生计为高原区牧民提供了很好的借鉴.建议政府围绕生计多样化的制约因素进行投入,以提高牧民的能力,协助高原区牧民建立发展型生计.  相似文献   

UXO target area identification with hidden Markov models     

Sean A. McKenna 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(2):193-202

Site characterization activities at potential unexploded ordnance (UXO) sites rely on sparse sampling collected as geophysical surveys along strip transects. From these samples, the locations of target areas, those regions on the site where the geophysical anomaly density is significantly above the background density, must be identified. A target area detection approach using a hidden Markov model (HMM) is developed here. HMM’s use stationary transition probabilities from one state to another for steps between adjacent locations as well as the probability of any particular observation occurring given each possible underlying state. The approach developed here identifies the transition probabilities directly from the conceptual site model (CSM) created as part of the UXO site characterization process. A series of simulations examine the ability of the HMM approach to simultaneously determine the target area locations within each transect and to estimate the unknown anomaly intensity within the identified target area. The HMM results are compared to those obtained using a simpler target detection approach that considers the background anomaly density to be defined by a Poisson distribution and each location to be independent of any adjacent location. Results show that the HMM approach is capable of accurately identifying the target locations with limited false positive identifications when both the background and target are intensities are known. The HMM approach is relatively robust to changes in the initial estimate of the target anomaly intensity and is capable of identifying target locations and the corresponding target anomaly intensity when this intensity is approximately 60% higher than the background intensity at intensities that are representative of actual field sites. Application to data collected from a wide area assessment field site show that the HMM approach identifies the area of the site with elevated anomaly intensity with few false positives. This field site application also shows that the HMM results are relatively robust to changes in the transect width.  相似文献   

全球地学断面(GGT)地理信息系统的编码技术   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

许惠平  周云轩  孙运生  王磊  陈圣波 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2000,30(2):190-193

依据全球地学断面的特点 ,以及《数字化地质图图层及属性文件格式》和《GGT数字化指南》等标准 ,研制一套全球地学断面地理信息系统的编码标准 ,为建立中国乃至全球地学断面地理信息系统设置主题、分层标准和命名规则 ,以及实体编码标准 ,并把它们应用于中国地学大断面三维地理信息系统的建立中。该编码标准为地学断面信息系统的建立 ,为深入研究大陆岩石圈结构构造、地球动力学、物质成分及不同地学断面的对比 ,进而建立大陆岩石圈的三维结构模型具有重要意义  相似文献   

Diel effects on bottom-trawl survey catch rates of shallow- and deep-water Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus off Namibia,using solar zenith angle     

P Kainge  K Wieland  J Feekings 《African Journal of Marine Science》2015,37(4):583-592

Diel patterns in survey trawl catches for the Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus off Namibia were studied in order to examine the effect of diel bias on catchability, and its implication for survey abundance estimation and the consistency of the survey time-series. Catch rates (numbers per haul) by species and length from summer demersal biomass surveys conducted during the period 2002–2013 were used, together with a computation of the corresponding light-level data from which the solar zenith angles were obtained. Generalised additive models were fitted to assess the relationship between the catches and a number of explanatory variables. Significant covariates were zenith angle, depth and geographical position. The final models explained 78% and 59% of the variability in catch rates of M. capensis and M. paradoxus, respectively. For M. capensis, the response to zenith angle increased sharply for values above 100°, which represents the time between sunset and sunrise. For M. paradoxus there was a moderate increase in the response to zenith angle during the night. In cases where some fishing took place at night in shallow water, the survey results for M. capensis were more greatly affected than was the case for M. paradoxus, which is related to the different depth preference of the two species. Fishing in depths shallower than 400?m outside daylight hours should therefore be avoided in order to reduce bias and ensure consistency in abundance estimates from surveys.  相似文献   

The origin of strata within the inner accretionary prism of Nankai Trough: Evidence from clay mineral assemblages along the NanTroSEIZE transect          下载免费PDF全文

Michael B. Underwood 《Island Arc》2018,27(3)

One of the more prominent architectural elements of the Nankai subduction margin, offshore southwest Japan, is an out‐of‐sequence thrust fault (megasplay) that separates the inner accretionary prism from the outer prism. The inner prism (hanging wall of the megasplay) is dominated by mudstone, which is enigmatic when the sedimentary facies is compared to coeval deposits in the Shikoku Basin (i.e. inputs from the subducting Philippine Sea plate) and to coarser‐grained turbidite sequences from the Quaternary trench wedge. Clay mineral assemblages amplify the mismatches of sedimentary facies. Mudstones from the inner prism are uniformly depleted in smectite, with average bulk values of 23–24 wt%, whereas the Shikoku Basin deposits show progressive decreases in proportions of smectite over time, from averages of 46–48 wt% at 10 Ma to 17–21 wt% at 1 Ma. Plate‐boundary reconstructions for the Philippine Sea region provide one solution to the conundrum. Between 15 Ma and 10 Ma, the Pacific plate subducted near the NanTroSEIZE transect, and a trench‐trench‐trench triple junction migrated to the northeast. Accretion during that period involved sediments that had been deposited on the Pacific plate. Motion of the Philippine Sea plate changed from 10 Ma to 6 Ma, resulting in sinistral slip along the proto‐Nankai Trough. Sediments accreted during that period probably had been deposited near the triple junction, with a hybrid detrital provenance. Renewed subduction of the Philippine Sea plate at 6 Ma led to reorganization of watersheds near the Izu–Honshu collision zone and gradual incision of large submarine canyons on both sides of the colliding Izu arc. Accreted Pliocene mudstones share more of an affinity to the triple junction paleoenvironment than they do to Shikoku Basin. These differences between subducting Shikoku Basin strata and accreted Pacific plate sediments have important implications for interpretations of frictional properties, structural architecture, and diagenetic fluid production.  相似文献