On the ignition of geostrophically rotating turbidity currents     

Emms 《Sedimentology》1999,46(6):1049-1063

Two models of a geostrophically rotating turbidity current are examined to compare predictions for ignition with the catastrophic state. Both models describe the current as a tube of sediment-laden water traversing along and down a uniform slope. The first (four-equation) model neglects the energy required to lift the sediment from the seabed into suspension. The second (five-equation) model rectifies this shortcoming by introducing a turbulent kinetic energy equation and coupling the bottom stress to turbulence in the plume. These models can be used to predict the ignition, path and sediment deposition of a geostrophically rotating turbidity current. The criteria for ignition in the four-equation model can be described by a surface in three-dimensional phase space (for a non-entraining current). This surface lies near the geostrophic equilibrium state. For a turbidity current occurring in the Greenland Sea, velocities above 0·053 m s^–1 or volumetric concentrations of sediment above 2·7 × 10^–5 lead to ignition. In general, if the tube is started pointing downslope, then ignition is more likely than if it is initially directed alongslope. However, there exists a set of initial conditions in which the current ignites if started along or downslope, but deposits if started at an intermediate angle. The five-equation model requires a larger initial velocity (greater than 1·6 m s^–1) to ignite than does the four-equation model. Ignition is determined qualitatively by the geostrophic state and the initial normal Froude number. Solutions show a tendency to travel further alongslope during ignition, reflecting the restriction that the energy budget places on the sediment load. A qualitative difference to phase space in the five-equation model is the existence of a region in which the tube has insufficient energy to support the sediment. Turbulence dies rapidly in this region, and so the sediment is deposited almost immediately.  相似文献   

山西五台山地区太古宙条带状铁建造地球化学特征及成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈志宏  骆辉  毛德宝  胡小蝶  田永清  余克忍 《地质论评》1999,45(7):503-507

五台山地区是中国典型的太古宙条带状铁建造发育区。 系统的稀土、微量元素地球化学研究结果表明, 本区条带状铁建造稀土元素组成与北美页岩相比, 具明显的正铕异常, HREE相对富集, 而Zr、Ba、Sr、Pb等属酸性岩类强烈富集的不相容元素,相对于 上陆壳明显亏损, 结合现代海底热流沉积地球化学的研究成果,认为本区条带状铁建造为古海底热流化学沉积作用的产物, 其形成与五台山地区太古宙基性火山活动密切相关。  相似文献   

区域风沙蚀积量和蚀积强度初步研究——以晋陕蒙接壤区为例   总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14  

刘连友 《地理学报》1999,54(1):59-68

根据晋陕蒙接壤地区不同下垫面的实测输沙率和风力特性因子,确定了输沙通量;结合对边界下垫面类型的遥感解译、量测,计算了蚀积量和蚀积强度。结果表明,该地区风蚀总量为１０９×１０６ｔ／ａ,平均风蚀强度为１６００ｔ／ａ·ｋｍ２,并且由东南黄土丘陵区向西北沙漠区增强。  相似文献   

Monte Carlo多源模式在广东核电站大气环境评价中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张美根  韩志伟  雷孝恩 《气候与环境研究》1999,(2)

发展了ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ多源模式并用于模拟广东核电站排放的放射性污染物浓度分布和干湿沉积量。数值实验和六氟化硫（ＳＦ６）示踪实验表明,模式能很好地反映复杂地形和生态下垫面对污染物的输送、扩散和干湿沉积的影响;与观测值相比,浓度计算值的准确率大于等于５０％的概率为５８４％。  相似文献   

Cultural eutrophication of shallow coastal waters: Coupling changing anthropogenic nutrient inputs to regional management approaches   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Hans W. Paerl   《Limnologica》1999,29(3):249

Coastal waters comprise only about 15% of the world's ocean area, yet account for nearly half of its primary and secondary production (Wollast 1991). This disparity can in part be traced to anthropogenic nutrient, specifically nitrogen (N), loading. Regionally, N-sensitive coastal waters are experiencing unprecedented nutrient-driven eutophication, deteriorating water quality (i.e. hypoxia, anoxia, toxicity), habitat loss and declines in desirable fish stocks and yields. In most coastal regions externally-supplied “new” nutrient inputs are growing, diversifying and changing as a result of urbanization, industrial and agricultural development. In some cases (e.g. Eastern Europe), declining economic condition shave led to a reversal of this scenario. A need exists to identify key nutrient sources (and changes therein) supporting eutrophication and its socio-economic consequences. While we are addressing and managing terrestrial (i.e. point and non-point source runoff) “new” nutrient inputs, key “out of sight out of mind” anthropogenic nutrient sources and their effects on eutrophication remain poorly understood and managed. These include atmospheric deposition and groundwater, which can account for as much as half the “new” N entering North American (U.S. Atlantic East Coast) and European (Baltic Sea) coastal waters. Here, I will examine these emerging nutrient sources and their roles in shallow coastal biogeochemical and trophodynamics alterations. Technological and conceptual tools and approaches aimed at improving our functional understanding of these and other “new” nutrient-eutrophication interactions are discussed.  相似文献   

Effects of Stronach Dam removal on fluvial geomorphology in the Pine River, Michigan, United States     

Bryan A. Burroughs  Daniel B. Hayes  Kristi D. Klomp  Jonathan F. Hansen  Jessica Mistak   《Geomorphology》2009,110(3-4):96-107

Although dam removal has been increasingly used as an option in dam management, and as a river restoration tool, few studies provide detailed quantitative assessment of the geomorphological response of rivers to dam removal. In this study, we document the response of the Pine River, Michigan, to the gradual removal of Stronach Dam. In 1996, prior to the initiation of removal, 31 permanent cross-sectional transects were established in the 10-km study area. These transects were surveyed annually during the course of the removal (1996–2003) and for the three years following removal (2004–2006). Dam removal resulted in progressive headcutting of sediments in the former impoundment, extending upstream 3.89 km of the dam. Over the course of the 10 years since dam removal was initiated, a net total of 92 000 m³ of sediment erosion occurred. The majority of sediments stored in the former reservoir remained in place, with only 12% of the estimated reservoir sediment fill being eroded. Approximately 14% of the net erosion was deposited within the stream channel 1 km downstream of the dam location, with the remainder being transported further downstream or deposited in the floodplain. Sediment fill incision resulted in a narrower and deeper channel upstream, with higher mean water velocity and somewhat coarser substrates. Downstream deposition resulted in a wider and shallower channel, with little change in substrate size composition. Counter-intuitively, water velocity also increased downstream because of the increased slope that developed. Prior to removal, bedforms in the former impoundment were dominated by runs but are showing signs of restoration toward reference conditions. Continuing changes in river geomorphology are evident even three years following removal and are likely to occur for years to come.  相似文献   

Deposition temperature of some PDC deposits from the 1982 eruption of El Chichón volcano (Chiapas,Mexico) inferred from rock-magnetic data     

Roberto Sulpizio  Elena Zanella  José Luis Macías 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) analyses were carried out on lithic fragments from two different typologies of pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposits of the 1982 eruption of El Chichón volcano, in order to estimate their equilibrium temperature (T_dep) after deposition. The estimated T_dep range is 360–400 °C, which overlaps the direct measurements of temperature carried out four days after the eruption on the PDC deposits. This overlap demonstrates the reliability of the TRM method to estimate the T_dep of pyroclastic deposits and to approximate their depositional temperature. These results also constraint the time needed for reaching thermal equilibrium within four days for the studied PDC deposits, in agreement with predictions of theoretical models.  相似文献   

Atmospheric chloride deposition in continental Spain   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

F. J. Alcalá  E. Custodio 《水文研究》2008,22(18):3636-3650

The atmospheric bulk deposition rate of chloride in continental Spain was studied to get basic information in order to help in the evaluation of diffuse recharge to aquifers through an environmental chemical balance. Both new, recent data and bibliographic data have been used. Most sampling records are less than 5 years long and often only 1 year long. This means that the calculated mean yearly bulk deposition rate of chloride is quite uncertain by 30% on average, and larger than the values derived form records up to 15 years long. A map of atmospheric bulk deposition of chloride has been drawn using ordinary kriging. The mean bulk deposition rate of chloride varies from 1 to 30 g m^?2 year^?1 in coastal areas, with strong negative landward gradients between 0·1 and 1 g m^?2 year^?1 km^?1. In the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, chloride deposition rates vary from 0·2 to 0·5 g m^?2 year^?1, with gradients around or less than 5 × 10^?3 g m^?2 year^?1 km^?1. The coefficient of variation of the mean bulk atmospheric deposition rate of chloride, for any place, ranges from 0·1 to 1. Values larger than ～0·5 are not a good indicator of natural uncertainty for this series of data that has a skewed distribution. The map of bulk deposition rate and its error is one of the terms needed for aquifer recharge estimation by means of the chloride ion balance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

江西东乡铜矿层间溶蚀残积堆积物的特征及成因   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

闫志为  张俊峰  黄苏锦  王辉镜 《中国岩溶》2007,26(2):126-131

对存在于赣东北东乡铜矿地层中的一种被当地称为Kcd的金属矿岩溶堆积形态的特征和成因进行了研究。Kcd是一种层间松散堆积物,呈带状分布于金属硫化矿体附近。岩性主要为铁锰质含量高的中、细砂、粉土、粉质粘土等,富含碎石和块石,局部为泥砾、泥砂混合物,性状松散、饱水、色杂。根据岩性、产出形态和现代矿区水文地质条件分析,认为Kcd应是白云岩围岩在硫化矿物氧化带硫酸水作用下产生的白云岩粉(砂)和围岩崩落的碎石、块石,以及由水流携带的粘性土共同堆积而形成的一种沉积形态,并且现在仍在发生和发展中。它是一种金属矿岩溶堆积形态的新类型。Kcd常形成井下突泥,给矿山施工带来极大危害。   相似文献   

不同组合间距的尼龙阻沙网积沙形态特征对比   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

康向光  李生宇  王海峰  马学喜  雷加强 《干旱区地理》2015,38(2):283-291

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地垄间平沙地,布设了两条尼龙阻沙网水平组合防沙实验,组合间距分别为2H、5H、10H、15H（H为阻沙网高度）,一个风季中对实验设置的地形及纵断面蚀积量进行了动态观测。结果表明：（1）各尼龙阻沙网组合形成有规律的地表蚀积空间分布格局：形成以阻沙网为核心的积沙区,其上下风侧分布有较稳定的风蚀区,两条阻沙网之间存在临时的风蚀区。（2）在阻沙网前后形成与阻沙网高度相近的积沙体,在第一条阻沙网上风侧区域,积沙厚度与水平距离呈指数函数关系,在阻沙网背风侧,积沙厚度与水平距离呈二次函数关系。（3）2H和5H积沙体纵断面呈单峰状,风季中后期形似“几”字形,而10H和15H呈双峰状,风季中后期形似“M”字形。（4）阻沙网组合间距越小,积沙分布就越集中,形体越高大,反之则越分散,风季末阻沙网积沙体地形起伏度、平均坡降、积沙体积比、积沙断面面积轮廓比大小排序均为2H>5H>10H>15H。（5）阻沙网积沙体积具有随阻沙网间距增大而降低的趋势,观测断面最大积沙体积5HH>2H>15H>10H,5H、2H、15H分别较10H大13.20%、12.34%、3.78%,可见,5H防沙效果最优。  相似文献