Research on changes of hydrodynamics and ion-exchange adsorption in Brackish-Water Interface     

MIAO Qing-zhuang  ZHOU Xiao-ni  WANG Gui-ling  ZHANG Wei  LIU Feng  XING Lin-xiao 《地下水科学与工程》2019,7(2):94-105

In light of multiple field experiments in typical tidal areas with active sea-land interaction, corresponding analysis through hydrodynamic simulation and of ion composition evolution all insist on following conclusions. Due to the tide, the groundwater level is basically in line with its level but with a slight lag. Moreover, smaller amplitude of such changes were always accompanied by greater distance from shores. In this paper, two salt-freshwater interfaces were identified, namely, a large wedge-shaped interface and an inverted U-shaped one located at K5(monitoring point). The critical hydraulic gradient of saltwater intrusion was between 0.0345 and 0.0377. Apart from that, mathematical and physical models were adopted to measure the influence of tides, showing a inverse proportion to the hydraulic gradient. In addition, characteristics of ionic components can prove that K+ was adsorbed and Ca~(2+) was displaced during saline intrusion, while a reverse process was witnessed during desalting. In summary, cation exchange adsorption plus other complex physical chemical effects would take place during saltwater intrusion.  相似文献   

The characteristics of climate change over the Tibetan Plateau in the last 40 years and the detection of climatic jumps   总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28  

NIU Tao  CHEN Longxun  ZHOU Zijiang 《大气科学进展》2004,21(2):193-203

Through analyzing the yearly average data obtained from 123 regular meteorological observatorieslocated in the Tibetan Plateau (T-P), this article studies the characteristics of climate change in T-P inthe last 40 years. From the distribution of the linear trend, it can be concluded that the southeasternpart of T-P becomes warmer and wetter, with an obvious increase of rainfall. The same characteristicsare found in the southwestern part of T-P, but the shift is smaller. In the middle of T-P, temperature andhumidity obviously increase with the center of the increase in Bangoin-Amdo. The south of the TarimBasin also exhibits the same tendency. The reason for this area being humid is that it gets less sunshineand milder wind. The northeastern part of T-P turns warmer and drier. Qaidam Basin and its westernand southern areas are the center of this shift, in which the living environment is deteriorating. Analyzingthe characteristics of the regional average time series, it can be found that in the mid-1970s, a significantsudden change occurred to annual rainfall, yearly average snow-accumulation days and surface pressurein the eastern part of T-P. In the mid-1980s, another evident climatic jump happened to yearly averagetemperature, total cloud amount, surface pressure, relative humidity, and sunshine duration in the samearea. That is, in the mid 1980s, the plateau experienced a climatic jump that is featured by the increase oftemperature, snow-accumulation days, relative humidity, surface pressure, and by the decrease of sunshineduration and total cloud amount. The sudden climatic change of temperature in T-P is later than that ofthe global-mean temperature. From this paper it can be seen that in the middle of the 1980s, a climaticjump from warm-dry to warm-wet occurred in T-P.  相似文献   

东亚夏季风活动与东亚高空西风急流位置北跳关系的研究   总被引：72，自引：20，他引：52  

李崇银  王作台  林士哲  禚汉如 《大气科学》2004,28(5):641-658

利用美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(1980～1999年)探讨了东亚夏季风活动的两个重要事件,即南海夏季风爆发和江淮流域梅雨起始,与东亚高空西风急流位置北跳的关系.系统的分析研究表明,东亚高空西风急流在由冬向夏的转变过程中一般存在着两次向北突跳现象,并与东亚夏季风活动有密切关系.第一次东亚高空急流的北跳(由25～28°N跳到30°N以北)平均发生在5月8日左右,比南海夏季风爆发日期(平均为5月15日)早7天左右;高空急流位置的北跳是中高纬度大气环流系统减弱北退的表现,它为热带环流和系统的向北推进提供了条件,从而有利于南海夏季风的爆发.第二次东亚高空急流的北跳(由32°N左右北跳到35°N以北)平均发生在6月7日左右,先于江淮流域梅雨起始时间(平均在6月18日左右)10天左右,它是梅雨起始的前期征兆.高空西风急流的两次北跳分别与亚洲大陆南部地区对流层中上层(500～200 hPa)经向温度梯度的两次逆转(反向)有关,在由冬到夏的季节转换中,由于大陆加热较快,导致对流层中上层大气在5～25°N间的经向温度梯度发生反向(逆转),通过地转适应使流场向气压场(温度场)调整,从而高空急流位置北跳.数据分析还发现,东亚高空急流位置的第一次北跳有时也受到南半球副热带高空急流位置北移和加强的影响.  相似文献   

EQUATIONS FOR GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE     

PrabhataK.SWAMEE NimishaSWAMEE 《国际泥沙研究》2004,19(1):66-74

The grain size distribution of particulate material is of particular interest in the field of sediment transport. The size distribution is described by various equations, however no equation is flexible enough to satisfy the grain size distribution data faithfully. Presented herein are the equations for unimodal and multimodal grain size distribution curves. A graphical method has been given to evaluate the parameters involved in these equations. The size distribution equation can be used to estimate many properties of sediment sample like number of sediment particles, surface area of the particles and hydraulic conductivity. It is hoped that the equations will find many applications in studying sedimentation processes.  相似文献   

胶东金牛山金矿床构造-流体-成矿作用体系研究   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

申萍  沈远超  李光明  刘铁兵  曾庆栋  李厚民 《地质科学》2004,39(2):272-283

通过对胶东金牛山金矿床构造变形和流体包裹体的研究,探讨了矿床的形成过程和流体成矿机理,认为本区经历了多期构造变形演化,并伴有多次脉动式热液活动,金牛山断裂总体上控制流体来源、运移和沉淀。第二构造变形期早阶段,热液来源以大气降水为主,而中 晚阶段为大气降水和岩浆水;断裂带中流体异常活跃,局部有高压流体存在,产生水压致裂作用;构造变形引起流体的沸腾、混合和相分离作用,并使流体成份和性质发生变化,导致金的沉淀。因此,构造和流体的共同作用控制了矿床的形成,而异常流体叠加控制了富矿体的形成。在此基础上总结了金牛山金矿床形成的构造—流体—成矿作用体系模式。  相似文献   

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces     

Timothy J. G. Francis  Yir-Der E. Lee 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(4):295-314

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.  相似文献   

Model study of a shoreline wave-power system     

Ruo-Shan Tseng  Rui-Hsiang Wu  Chai-Cheng Huang 《Ocean Engineering》2000,27(8)

A wave-power system which combines the concept of a breakwater and a harbor resonance chamber was developed in this study. In the caisson chamber, a multi-resonant oscillating water column (MOWC) was formed to push or suck air through the air turbine and thus continuously generated the power. The proposed wave-power system has two aims in mind: one is shore protection and the other is to extract energy from the ocean. To achieve an optimal effect of harbor resonance when excited by incident waves of various periods, a 60° opening of the cylindrical chamber with an entrance section and an arc-shaped curve board in front of the caisson was designed. In order to assess the energy-conversion efficiency and the hydraulic performance, a 1/20 model of this system was constructed and tested in the wave tank under various wave conditions. Our experimental data for the amplification factor of the MOWC agree well with previous theoretical results [Lee, J.J., 1971. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 45, 375–394]. The curve board proves to be useful: it not only broadens the resonant period but also increases the energy-extraction rate. The reflection coefficient was found to be generally low and to decrease with increasing wave height. However, due to the relatively high energy loss of the MOWC, only 28.5% of the incident-wave energy was converted into air energy, indicating that there are still areas for further improvement. In any event, the experimental results provided a clear picture of the energy-transformation process, and demonstrated the preliminary feasibility of this wave-energy device.  相似文献   

Minimal advective travel time along arbitrary streamlines of porous media flows: The Fermat–Leibnitz–Bernoulli problem revisited     

A.R. Kacimov  N.D. Yakimov   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):356-362

Travel time of marked fluid particles along arbitrary streamlines in arbitrary porous streamtubes is estimated from below based on the Cauchy–Bunyakovskii (Schwartz) and Jensen inequalities. In homogeneous media the estimate is strict and expressed through the length of the streamline, hydraulic conductivity, porosity and the head fall. The minimum is attained at streamlines of unidirectional flow. The bounds for heterogeneous soils, non-Darcian flows and unsaturated media are also written. If such bounds are attained the corresponding trajectories become brachistochrones. For example, in a two-layered aquifer and seepage perpendicular to the layers there is a unique conductivity–porosity ratio which makes a broken streamline brachistocronic. Similarly, if conductivities of two layers are fixed there is a unique incident angle between flow in one medium and the interface which makes a refracted streamline brachistocronic.  相似文献   

Pore size distributions and hydraulic conductivities of rocks derived from Magnetic Resonance Sounding relaxation data using multi-exponential decay time inversion   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

O. Mohnke  U. Yaramanci   《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2008,66(3-4):73

In hydrogeology there is a variety of empirical formulae available for determination of hydraulic conductivity of porous media, all based on the analysis of grain size distributions of aquifer materials. Sensitivity of NMR measurements to pore sizes makes it a good indicator of hydraulic conductivity. Analogous to laboratory NMR, Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) relaxation data are of a multi-exponential (ME) nature due to the distribution of different pore sizes in an investigated rock layer. ME relaxation behaviour will also arise due to the superposition of NMR signals which originate from different layers. It has been shown, that both kinds of ME behaviour coexist in MRS and can principally be separated by ME inversion of the field data. Only a few publications exist that have proposed approaches to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate petrophysical parameters such as the hydraulic conductivity from MRS measurements, i.e. MRS porosity and decay times. The so far used relations for the estimation of hydraulic conductivity in hydrogeology and NMR experiments are compared and discussed with respect to their applicability in MRS. Taking into account results from a variety of laboratory NMR and MRS experiments mean rock specific calibration factors are introduced for a data-base-calibrated estimation of hydraulic conductivity when no on-site calibration of MRS is available. Field data have been analysed using conventional and ME inversion using such mean calibration values. The results for conventional and ME inversion agree with estimates obtained from well core analysis for shallow depths but are significantly improved using a ME inversion approach for greater depths.  相似文献   

A Linking Test to reduce the number of hydraulic parameters necessary to simulate groundwater recharge in unsaturated soils     

Joseph Alexander Paul Pollacco  José Miguel Soria Ugalde  Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo  Isabelle Braud  Bernard Saugier 《Advances in water resources》2008

In environmental studies, numerical simulation models are valuable tools for testing hypothesis about systems functioning and to perform sensitivity studies under scenarios of land use or climate changes. The simulations depend upon parameters which are not always measurable quantities and must be calibrated against observations, using for instance inverse modelling. Due to the scarcity of these observations, it has been found that parameter sets allowing a good matching between simulated and measured quantities are often non-unique, leading to the problem of equifinality. This can lead to non-physical values, erroneous fluxes and misleading sensitivity analysis. Therefore, a simple but robust inverse method coined the Linking Test is presented to determine if the parameters are linked. Linked parameters are then sub-divided into classes according to their impact on water fluxes. The Linking Test establishes the causes of non-uniqueness of parameter sets and the feasibility of the inverse modelling.  相似文献