乌鲁木齐市断层附近地应力特征与断层活动性   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

李宏  谢富仁  王海忠  董云开  俞建军 《地球物理学报》2012,55(11):3690-3698

为了查明乌鲁木齐西山—碗窑沟断裂带地应力分布特征, 在研究区20 km×20 km的范围内布置12个基岩应力钻孔,采用水压致裂地应力测量技术进行了基岩原地应力测量;共布置了2条观测剖面,第一剖面是沿断层走向布置了7个钻孔,第二剖面在垂直断层走向布置了6个钻孔(与第一剖面共用1个钻孔).根据实测的地应力资料,断层附近最大水平主压应力方向为NE—NEE向,与区域构造应力SN—NNE向主压方向有一些差异,说明受断层活动影响,断层附近的应力状态与区域应力场明显不同.利用地应力实测资料,研究了断层的活动性,在测量深度域内水平和垂直应力的关系为σ_H＞σ_h＞σ_v,该应力状态有利于逆断层活动,与地质资料反映的以逆断层活动为主基本一致.利用库仑摩擦滑动准则,摩擦系数取0.6~1.0分析,断层附近的现今地应力状态达到或超过产生逆断层摩擦滑动的临界值,表明测区现今构造应力有利于逆断层活动.  相似文献   

A Linking Test to reduce the number of hydraulic parameters necessary to simulate groundwater recharge in unsaturated soils     

Joseph Alexander Paul Pollacco  José Miguel Soria Ugalde  Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo  Isabelle Braud  Bernard Saugier 《Advances in water resources》2008

In environmental studies, numerical simulation models are valuable tools for testing hypothesis about systems functioning and to perform sensitivity studies under scenarios of land use or climate changes. The simulations depend upon parameters which are not always measurable quantities and must be calibrated against observations, using for instance inverse modelling. Due to the scarcity of these observations, it has been found that parameter sets allowing a good matching between simulated and measured quantities are often non-unique, leading to the problem of equifinality. This can lead to non-physical values, erroneous fluxes and misleading sensitivity analysis. Therefore, a simple but robust inverse method coined the Linking Test is presented to determine if the parameters are linked. Linked parameters are then sub-divided into classes according to their impact on water fluxes. The Linking Test establishes the causes of non-uniqueness of parameter sets and the feasibility of the inverse modelling.  相似文献   

Pore size distributions and hydraulic conductivities of rocks derived from Magnetic Resonance Sounding relaxation data using multi-exponential decay time inversion   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

O. Mohnke  U. Yaramanci   《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2008,66(3-4):73

In hydrogeology there is a variety of empirical formulae available for determination of hydraulic conductivity of porous media, all based on the analysis of grain size distributions of aquifer materials. Sensitivity of NMR measurements to pore sizes makes it a good indicator of hydraulic conductivity. Analogous to laboratory NMR, Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) relaxation data are of a multi-exponential (ME) nature due to the distribution of different pore sizes in an investigated rock layer. ME relaxation behaviour will also arise due to the superposition of NMR signals which originate from different layers. It has been shown, that both kinds of ME behaviour coexist in MRS and can principally be separated by ME inversion of the field data. Only a few publications exist that have proposed approaches to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate petrophysical parameters such as the hydraulic conductivity from MRS measurements, i.e. MRS porosity and decay times. The so far used relations for the estimation of hydraulic conductivity in hydrogeology and NMR experiments are compared and discussed with respect to their applicability in MRS. Taking into account results from a variety of laboratory NMR and MRS experiments mean rock specific calibration factors are introduced for a data-base-calibrated estimation of hydraulic conductivity when no on-site calibration of MRS is available. Field data have been analysed using conventional and ME inversion using such mean calibration values. The results for conventional and ME inversion agree with estimates obtained from well core analysis for shallow depths but are significantly improved using a ME inversion approach for greater depths.  相似文献   

我国西北地区近50年降水和温度的变化   总被引：135，自引：9，他引：126  

于淑秋  林学椿  徐祥德 《气候与环境研究》2003,8(1):9-18

用近50年的每月温度和降水资料研究了我国西北地区的气候变化.结果表明:(1)该地区在1986年附近发生了一次明显的气候跃变,要比全国气候跃变晚6～8年;(2)跃变后比跃变前全区年平均气温上升了0.51℃,冬季上升了1.27℃;(3)跃变后比跃变前全区年降水总量上升了5.2%,夏季上升了6.8%.进而讨论了温度和降水的增加对该地区生态环境的影响.  相似文献   

Research on changes of hydrodynamics and ion-exchange adsorption in Brackish-Water Interface     

MIAO Qing-zhuang  ZHOU Xiao-ni  WANG Gui-ling  ZHANG Wei  LIU Feng  XING Lin-xiao 《地下水科学与工程》2019,7(2):94-105

In light of multiple field experiments in typical tidal areas with active sea-land interaction, corresponding analysis through hydrodynamic simulation and of ion composition evolution all insist on following conclusions. Due to the tide, the groundwater level is basically in line with its level but with a slight lag. Moreover, smaller amplitude of such changes were always accompanied by greater distance from shores. In this paper, two salt-freshwater interfaces were identified, namely, a large wedge-shaped interface and an inverted U-shaped one located at K5(monitoring point). The critical hydraulic gradient of saltwater intrusion was between 0.0345 and 0.0377. Apart from that, mathematical and physical models were adopted to measure the influence of tides, showing a inverse proportion to the hydraulic gradient. In addition, characteristics of ionic components can prove that K+ was adsorbed and Ca~(2+) was displaced during saline intrusion, while a reverse process was witnessed during desalting. In summary, cation exchange adsorption plus other complex physical chemical effects would take place during saltwater intrusion.  相似文献   

Minimal advective travel time along arbitrary streamlines of porous media flows: The Fermat–Leibnitz–Bernoulli problem revisited     

A.R. Kacimov  N.D. Yakimov   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):356-362

Travel time of marked fluid particles along arbitrary streamlines in arbitrary porous streamtubes is estimated from below based on the Cauchy–Bunyakovskii (Schwartz) and Jensen inequalities. In homogeneous media the estimate is strict and expressed through the length of the streamline, hydraulic conductivity, porosity and the head fall. The minimum is attained at streamlines of unidirectional flow. The bounds for heterogeneous soils, non-Darcian flows and unsaturated media are also written. If such bounds are attained the corresponding trajectories become brachistochrones. For example, in a two-layered aquifer and seepage perpendicular to the layers there is a unique conductivity–porosity ratio which makes a broken streamline brachistocronic. Similarly, if conductivities of two layers are fixed there is a unique incident angle between flow in one medium and the interface which makes a refracted streamline brachistocronic.  相似文献   

A Simple Model for Earthquake Instability     

Li Ping’en  Yin Youquan 《中国地震研究》2010,24(2):179-189

Based on the heterogeneity of fault plane strength,the macro rupture process of a fault plane can be treated as the rupture accumulation process of local micro-elements in the fault surface.Assuming that the strength of the local micro-elements follows the Weibull probability distribution,the macro-fault constitutive relationship of the complete load-deformation process is derived from a statistical mechanics viewpoint.Applying a one-dimensional earthquake mechanics model and using far-field displacement a as the control variable,the problem of earthquake instability is investigated by employing the stability theory.The results show that the system stiffness ratio(stiffness ratio of fault to surroun-ding rock) β is the important parameter that affects the occurrence of earthquakes.Earthquake instability occurs only when β < 1,and the sudden stress jump appears at the displacement turning point of the equilibrium path curve.The expression of three important parameters for earthquakes(fault half-dislocation distance after earthquake,earthquake stress drop and elastic energy release) is also given.When β≥1,the earthquake does not occur and the fault only slips slowly without an earthquake.  相似文献   

A 2D,fully-coupled,hydro-mechanical,FDEM formulation for modelling fracturing processes in discontinuous,porous rock masses     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2017

This paper presents a new, fully-coupled, hydro-mechanical (HM) formulation for a finite-discrete element method computer code. In the newly-developed, hydraulic solver, fluid flow is assumed to occur through the same triangular mesh used for the mechanical calculations. The flow of a viscous, compressible fluid is explicitly solved based on a cubic law approximation. The implementation is verified against closed-form solutions for several flow problems. The approach is then applied to a field-scale simulation of fluid injection in a jointed, porous rock mass. Results show that the proposed method can be used to obtain unique geomechanical insights into coupled HM phenomena.  相似文献   

Propagation of pressure change through thick clay sequences: an example from Liverpool Plains, NSW, Australia     

W. A. Timms  R. I. Acworth 《Hydrogeology Journal》2005,13(5-6):858-870

In-situ hydraulic conductivity and specific storage measurements are derived from an analysis of pore-water pressure changes in a nest of piezometers installed in a 40-m-thick succession of smectitic clay on the Liverpool Plains of northern New South Wales, Australia. The cumulative response to the rainfall events that typically occurs during winter or early spring is propagated through the clay with measurable loss of amplitude and increasing phase lag. Five major rainfall events occurred over the four years of detailed monitoring. The phase lag at the base of the clay varied between 49 and 72 days. Barometric efficiency (BE) measurements for the clay sequence (BE = 0.07) and the underlying confined aquifer (BE = 0.10) were used, with a known porosity of 0.567, to derive specific storage values of 3.7×10^–5 and 6.8×10^–6 m^–1 respectively. Vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) of the clay sequence derived from observed amplitude and phase changes, resulted in an average value of 2.8×10^–9 m/s. These in-situ-derived values indicate that previous estimates of vertical hydraulic conductivity of the clays, made on core samples, are unrealistically high. The instantaneous response to individual rainfall events transmitted through the clay succession (tidal efficiency of 0.93) is also described.

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Resumen Se han derivado mediciones in-situ de conductividad hidráulica y almacenamiento específico a partir de un análisis de cambios de presión intersticial en una red de piezómetros instalados en una secuencia gruesa de 40 m de arcilla esmectítica en las Planicies Liverpool del norte de Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia. La respuesta acumulativa de los eventos de lluvia que típicamente ocurren en invierno y principio de primavera se propaga a través de la arcilla mediante pérdida de amplitud y un incremento en retraso de fase. Durante los cuatro años de monitoreo detallado ocurrieron cuatro eventos de lluvia principales. El retraso de fase en la base de la arcilla varió de 49 a 72 días. Las mediciones de eficiencia barométrica (BE) para la secuencia arcillosa (BE = 0.07) y el acuífero confinado subyacente (BE = 0.1) se utilizaron, con una porosidad conocida de 0.567, para derivar valores de almacenamiento específico de 3.7×10^–5 y 6.8×10^–6 m^–1, respectivamente. La conductividad hidráulica vertical (Kv) de la secuencia arcillosa derivada de cambios observados en amplitud y fase dio por resultado un valor promedio de 2.8×10^–9 m/s. Estos valores derivados in-situ indican que los estimados previos de conductividad hidráulica vertical de las arcillas, hechos en muestras de núcleo, son muy altos y poco confiables. También se describe la respuesta instantánea de eventos de lluvia individuales transmitidos a través de la secuencia arcillosa (eficiencia de marea de 0.93).

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Résumé Des mesures in-situ de conductivité hydraulique et demmagasinement spécifique sont obtenues à partir de lanalyse de la variation des pressions interstitielles telles que mesurées au droit dun nid de piézomètres interceptant une épaisseur de 40 m dargile smectique dans les plaines de Liverpool, région nord du New South Wales, Australie. La réponse cumulative aux évènements pluviométriques qui surviennent typiquement durant lhiver ou le début du printemps, se propage dans les argiles suite à une diminution damplitude (des pressions interstitielles) et à un accroissement du pas de temps.. Cinq évènements pluviométriques sont survenus lors dun suivi détaillé effectué sur quatre (4) années. Le pas de temps à la base de largile a varié de 49 à 72 jours. Les mesures defficience barométrique (EB) de lassemblage argileux (BE = 0.07) et de la nappe aquifère confinée sous-jacente (BE = 1.10) ont été utilisées, avec une porosité connue de 0,567, afin dobtenir des valeurs demmagasinement spécifique de respectivement 3.7×10^–5 et 6.6×10^–6 m^–1. La conductivité hydraulique verticale (Ky) de lassemblage argileux a été déterminée à partir de la mesure des variations damplitudes ainsi que des pas de temps, permettant la détermination dune valeur moyenne de 2.8×10^–9 m/s. Ces valeurs obtenues in-situ montrent que les estimations de conductivité hydraulique verticale des argiles telles quobtenues à partir déchantillons non remaniés sont surestimées. La réponse instantanée à des évènements pluviométriques individuels transmis au travers de la succession dargile (facteur defficacité de marée de 0.93) est également décrite.

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Fracture hydraulic conductivity in the Mexico City clayey aquitard: Field piezometer rising-head tests   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Carlos?Vargas  Adrián?Ortega-GuerreroEmail author 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(3):336-344

A regional lacustrine aquitard covers the main aquifer of the metropolitan area of Mexico City. The aquitards hydraulic conductivity (K) is fundamental for evaluating the natural protection of the aquifer against a variety of contaminants present on the surface and its hydraulic response. This study analyzes the distribution and variation of K in the plains of Chalco, Texcoco and Mexico City (three of the six former lakes that existed in the Basin of Mexico), on the basis of 225 field-permeability tests, in nests of existing piezometers located at depths of 2–85 m. Tests were interpreted using the Hvorslev method and some by the Bouwer-Rice method. Results indicate that the distribution of K fits log-Gaussian regression models. Dominant frequencies for K in the Chalco and Texcoco plains range between 1E–09 and 1E–08 m/s, with similar population means of 1.19E–09 and 1.7E–09 m/s, respectively, which are one to two orders of magnitude higher than the matrix conductivity. In the Mexico City Plain the population mean is near by one order of magnitude lower; K=2.6E–10 m/s. The contrast between the measured K and that of the matrix is attributed to the presence of fractures in the upper 25–40 m, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies on solute migration in the aquitard.

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Resumen El acuífero principal del Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México está recubierto por un acuitardo regional lacustre, cuya conductividad hidráulica es fundamental para evaluar la protección natural de las aguas subterráneas contra los contaminantes presentes en superficie y su respuesta hidráulica. Este estudio analiza la distribución y variación de dicha conductividad en las llanuras de Chalco, Texcoco y Ciudad de México (tres de los seis lagos que existían al principio en la Cuenca de México) a partir de 225 ensayos de campo en piezómetros múltiples existentes, ubicados entre 2 y 85 m de profundidad. La interpretación de los ensayos se ha realizado mediante el método de Hvorslev y—algunos—el de Bouwer-Rice. Los resultados indican que la distribución de la conductividad se ajusta a modelos de regresión lognormales. Las frecuencias dominantes en las Llanuras de Chalco y Texoco están comprendidas entre 1^–9 y 10^–8 m/s, con medias de población similares de 1.19×10^–9 y 1.70×10^–9 m/s, respectivamente, que son dos órdenes de magnitud mayores que el valor de la matriz. En el Llano de México, la media es casi un orden de magnitud inferior (2.60×10^–10 m/s). Se atribuye este contraste entre la conductividad hidráulica medida y la de la matriz a la presencia de fracturas en el tramo superior situado entre 25 y 40 m, cosa que es coherente con estudios previos de migración de solutos en el acuitardo.

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Résumé Un imperméable régional dorigine lacustre recouvre le principal aquifère de la zone urbaine de la ville de Mexico. La conductivité hydraulique K de cet imperméable est fondamentale pour évaluer la protection naturelle de laquifère, contre les différents contaminants présents en surface, et sa réponse hydraulique. Cette étude analyse et les variations de K dans les plaines de Chalco, Texcoco et Mexico (trois des six anciens lacs qui existaient dans le Bassin de Mexico), sur la base de 225 essais de perméabilité sur le terrain, réalisés en grappes dans des piézomètres existants entre 2 et 85 m de profondeur. Les essais ont été interprétés avec la méthode de Hvorslev et certains avec la méthode de Bouwer-Rice. Les résultats indiquent que la distribution de K sajuste à des modèles de régression log-gaussiens. Les valeurs de K les plus fréquentes dans les plaines de Chalco et de Texcoco sont entre 1E–09 et 1E–08 m/s, avec des moyennes similaires de 1.19E–09 et 1.7E–09 m/s respectivement, qui sont dun ou deux ordres de grandeurs supérieures à la conductivité de la matrice. Dans la plaine de Mexico, la moyenne est proche dun ordre de grandeur en moins, avec 2.6E–10 m/s. Ce contraste entre le K mesuré et celui de la matrice est attribué à la présence de fractures dans les 25–40 m supérieurs, ce qui est en accord avec les études précédentes sur la migration de solutés au travers de limperméable.

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