Effects of alpine hydropower operations on primary production in a downstream lake     

David Finger  Peter Bossard  Martin Schmid  Lorenz Jaun  Beat Müller  Daniel Steiner  Erwin Schäffer  Markus Zeh  Alfred Wüest 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2007,69(2):240-256

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Flow in open channels under the influence of ice cover     

Wojciech Majewski 《Acta Geophysica》2007,55(1):11-22

During winters in Poland, lakes, ponds, rivers, channels, run-of-reservoirs, ditches and streams are covered with ice, which changes significantly the flow and thermal conditions in water bodies. The paper presents a very complicated process of ice formation on stagnant and flowing waters. Various kinds of ice are described together with their consequences for flow and thermal conditions. The possibility to define flow conditions in open channels with ice cover is described. In 1982, a significant flood on Włocławek Reservoir (Lower Vistula River) appeared, which was caused by the coincidence of unfavourable, extreme hydrological and meteorological conditions. These conditions, as well as the run and consequences of the flood, are described. Detailed field measurements of ice cover and flow were carried out. One-dimensional model for steady nonuniform flow was developed and applied to the conditions existing in 1982 on the Włocławek Reservoir.  相似文献   

A chironomid-based salinity inference model from lakes on the Tibetan Plateau     

Enlou Zhang  Richard Jones  Alan Bedford  Peter Langdon  Hongqu Tang 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(4):477-491

Previous studies have shown chironomids to be excellent indicators of environmental change and training sets have been developed in order to allow these changes to be reconstructed quantitatively from subfossil sequences. Here we present the results of an investigation into the relationships between surface sediment subfossil chironomid distribution and lake environmental variables from 42 lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that of the 11 measured environmental variables, salinity (measured as total dissolved solids TDS) was most important, accounting for 10.5% of the variance in the chironomid data. This variable was significant enough to allow the development of quantitative inference models. A range of TDS inference models were developed using Weighted Averaging (WA), Partial Least Squares (PLS), Weighted Averaging–Partial Least Squares (WA–PLS), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Modern Analogues Technique (MAT) and Modern Analogues Techniques weighted by similarity (WMAT). Evaluation of the site data indicated that four lakes were major outliers, and after omitting these from the training set the models produced jack-knifed coefficients of determination (r ²) between 0.60 and 0.80, and root-mean-squared errors of prediction (RMSEP) between 0.29 and 0.44 log₁₀ TDS. The best performing model was the two-component WA–PLS model with r ² _jack = 0.80 and RMSEP_jack = 0.29 log₁₀ TDS. The model results were similar to other chironomid-salinity models developed in different regions, and they also showed similar ecological groupings along the salinity gradient with respect to freshwater/salinity thresholds and community diversity. These results therefore indicate that similar processes may be controlling chironomid distribution across salinity gradients irrespective of biogeographical constraints. The performance of the transfer functions illustrates that chironomid assemblages from the Tibetan Plateau lakes are clearly sensitive indicators of salinity. The models will therefore allow the quantification of long-term records of past water salinity for lacustrine sites across the Tibetan Plateau, which has important implications for future hydrological research in the region.  相似文献   

一种区域气候模式地表产流方案的改进及数值试验   总被引：1，自引：8，他引：1  

丁彪  曾新民 《气象科学》2006,26(1):31-38

本文针对陆面过程模式BATS中没有水文非均匀描述的这一缺陷,将更符合物理过程实际的考虑入渗非均匀和降水非均匀的水文模型VXM并入BATS,并将此改进后的陆面过程参数化方案与MM5V3耦合。利用该区域水文气候模式模拟1990、1991和1998年夏季风气候,对模拟结果分析得知,总体上该模式的模拟能力对入渗非均匀和降水非均匀的响应是敏感的,而且考虑入渗非均匀和降水非均匀后模式的模拟能力得到了一定的提高。  相似文献   

Effect of dyke construction on water dynamics in the flooding savannahs of Venezuela     

J. K. Smith  E. J. Chacn‐Moreno  R. H. G. Jongman  Ph. Wenting  J. H. Loedeman 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(1):81-96

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Synoptic hydrography of a highly stratified estuary     

Carlos Augusto França Schettini  Klaus Ricklefs  Eliane Cristina Truccolo  Volker Golbig 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(3-4):308-319

This study investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of the lower, middle, and upper sectors of a highly stratified estuary, the Itajaí-Açu river estuary (south of Brazil ∼27° S/48.5° W). The study is based on a 25-h field campaign with three sampling stations positioned at 2, 17, and 38 km inward from the river mouth, during low river discharge condition and spring tide. The experimental data gathered was reduced and analyzed in terms of distribution of variables in time and space tide average vertical profiles and decomposition of the advective transport of salt and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Tidal range was nearly constant along the estuary, presenting time lag of about 2 h between lower and upper estuary. The ebb discharge peaks were about twice the discharge flood peaks and occurred simultaneously. The tide was the main determining agent in the lower estuary, where currents, salt stratification, and SPM distributions presented a repetitive behavior. In the middle estuary, the tide effects were also observed, but the presence of saline waters decreased along the time due to increasing river discharge during the campaign. The distribution of SPM in the mid- and upper estuary presented patched pattern not associated with tides and may be attributed to short-term flood contributions of tributaries. Currents presented ebb dominance in all three sectors; in the middle and upper estuary, they presented also a time asymmetry, with ebb currents longer than flood. The advective transport of salt in the lower estuary was upstream, with dominance of gravitational circulation term. In the mid-estuary, there was practically no transport, with balance between fluvial discharge (downstream) and tidal correlation (upstream). The advective transport of SPM was upstream in the lower estuary and downstream in the mid- and upper estuary, being dominated by gravitational circulation in the former and fluvial discharge in the others.  相似文献   

Transferability of hydrological model parameters between basins in data-sparse areas, subarctic Canada     

Sandra van der Linden  Ming-ko Woo 《Journal of Hydrology》2003,270(3-4):182-194

Hydrological models used for the simulation of runoff are often calibrated only on the basis of data obtained at the catchment outlet but the parameters thus derived are then applied to the simulations for the subbasins. Such a practice is common for the data-sparse areas such as the subarctic. However, it may yield erroneous results when the calibrated model parameters are applied to basins of various sizes, or with divergent physical characteristics. This study assesses the feasibility of transferring parameter estimates derived for one basin of a particular size to other basins of different dimensions, using the SLURP model for simulation and the Liard and two of its subbasins as an example. Results indicate that other than the snowmelt factor, the parameter values obtained from the subbasins are similar, but values of several parameters (e.g. maximum capacity of the soil water and groundwater storage, and snowmelt factor) are different from those derived for the large basin. Compared with applying the Liard basin parameters, the subbasins parameter sets generate higher evapotranspiration, earlier termination of the snowmelt period, more soil water storage, a shorter period with significant soil water storage and a better overall agreement between the observed and simulated runoff. It is recommended that adequate attention be given to the transferability of the parameter values to improve the simulation of subbasins hydrology.  相似文献   

Theoretical regime equations for mobile gravel-bed rivers with stable banks   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Robert G. Millar   《Geomorphology》2005,64(3-4):207-220

A system of rational regime equations is developed for gravel-bed rivers with stable banks using the optimality theory (OT). The optimality theory is based on the premise that equilibrium river geometry is characterised by an optimum configuration, defined here as maximum sediment-transport efficiency. Theoretical dimensionless equations are derived for width, depth, slope, width/depth ratio, and meandering–braiding transition. Independent dimensionless variables comprise discharge, sediment concentration, and relative bank strength, μ′, which is defined as the ratio of the critical shear stresses for the bank and bed sediments. Discharge exponents and general form of the equations agree well with previously developed empirical relations. Relative bank strength, μ′, is used to parameterise the influence of riparian vegetation on bank strength and is evaluated by calibrating against observed width/depth ratio. Once calibrated, the hydraulic geometry of natural gravel rivers is well described by the theoretical equations, including discrimination between meandering and braiding channels. The results provide strong support for the assumption that equilibrium or regime river behavior is equivalent to an optimal state and underline the importance of bank strength and sediment load as controls on hydraulic geometry.  相似文献   

老挝万象平原钾镁盐矿区开采技术条件研究     

任明忠 《云南地质》2004,23(2):179-187

万象平原丰富的钾镁盐矿产资源正有待开发，正确选择开采方式将能最大限度地保护环境和提高资源利用率。针对盐类固体矿产的两种开采方式——坑道开采(旱采)和水溶开采(水采)，分别从水文地质、工程地质和环境地质三个方面对矿床开采技术条件进行深入评价，研究确定了矿区的开采技术类型以及开采技术条件，并就旱采和水采条件分别进行对比分析，从中择优选取比较理想的水溶开采法——钻孔选择性溶浸法。  相似文献   

湿地水文学研究进展及科学前沿问题   总被引：23，自引：10，他引：23  

邓伟  胡金明 《湿地科学》2003,1(1):12-20

湿地水文过程控制湿地的形成与演化,湿地水文情势制约着湿地环境的生物、物理和化学特征,从而影响到湿地类型分异、湿地结构与功能,湿地水文研究是认识湿地生态系统的结构、过程与功能的主要内容。湿地水文情势分析涉及湿地的降雨-径流、湿地蒸散发、湿地地下水运移等主要过程。湿地水循环及水量平衡是湿地水文情势和过程研究的综合,关系到湿地水文循环过程的各个方面。湿地水文过程、边际效应和参数特征及对不同尺度水周期的响应与功能差异等是现代湿地水文研究的重要科学问题。  相似文献