Influences of environmental changes on water storage variations in Central Asia     

Weijie Hu  Hailong Liu  Anming Bao  Attia M. El-Tantawi 《地理学报(英文版)》2018,28(7):985-1000

The spatio-temporal pattern of the global water resource has significantly changed with climate change and intensified human activities. The regional economy and ecological environment are highly affected by terrestrial water storage (TWS), especially in arid areas. To investigate the variation of TWS and its influencing factors under changing environments, the response relationships between TWS and changing environments (climate change and human activities) in Central Asia have been analyzed based on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, Climatic Research Unit (CRU) climate data and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data products (MOD16A2, MOD13A3 and MCD12Q1) from 2003 to 2013. The slope and Pearson correlation analysis methods were used. Results indicate that: (1) TWS in about 77 % of the study area has decreased from 2003 to 2013. The total change volume of TWS is about 2915.6 × 10⁸ m³. The areas of decreased TWS are mainly distributed in the middle of Central Asia, while the areas of increased TWS are concentrated in the middle-altitude regions of the Kazakhstan hills and Tarim Basin. (2) TWS in about 5.91% of areas, mainly distributed in the mountain and piedmont zones, is significantly positively correlated with precipitation, while only 3.78% of areas show significant correlation between TWS and temperature. If the response time was delayed by three months, there would be a very good correlation between temperature and TWS. (3) There is a significantly positive relationship between TWS and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in 13.35% of the study area. (4) The area of significantly positive correlation between TWS and evapotranspiration is about 31.87%, mainly situated in mountainous areas and northwestern Kazakhstan. The reduction of regional TWS is related to precipitation more than evaporation. Increasing farmland area may explain why some areas show increasing precipitation and decreasing evapotranspiration. (5) The influences of land use on TWS are still not very clear. This study could provide scientific data useful for the estimation of changes in TWS with climate change and human activities.  相似文献   

Tessellons,topography, and glaciations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau     

Stuart A.Harris  Hui Jun Jin  Rui Xia He  Si Zhong Yang 《寒旱区科学》2018,10(3):187-206

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has developed into a vast fortress-like structure that has recently presented a barrier limiting the egress of moisture-bearing air masses. Lower sea levels also affected the climate. This paper examines their effects on the current evidence for the timing of past glaciations, and the development and evolution of permafrost. There are two theories regarding glaciation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP). Kuhle suggested that there was a major, unified ice-cap during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM), whereas major Chinese glaciologists and others have not found or verified reliable evidence for this per se. There have been limited glaciations during the last 1.1 Ma B.P. but with increasing dominance of permafrost including both primary and secondary tessellons infilled with rock, sand or loess. The East Asia Monsoon was absent in this area during the main LGM, starting at 30 ka B.P. on the plateau, with sufficient precipitation reappearing about 19 ka B.P. to produce ice-wedges. A weak Megathermal event took place between 8.5 and 6.0 ka B.P., followed by Neoglacial events exhibiting peak cold at 5.3–4.7 ka, 3.1–1.5 ka, and the Little Ice Age(LIA) after 0.7 ka. Subsequently,mean annual air temperature has increased by 4 °C.  相似文献   

Precipitation isotopes in the Tianshan Mountains as a key to water cycle in arid central Asia     

MingJun Zhang  ShengJie Wang 《寒旱区科学》2018,10(1):27-37

The Tianshan Mountains is a wet island in arid central Asia, and precipitation amount across the mountains is much larger than that in the surrounding low-lying areas. To investigate the regional water cycle in arid central Asia, stable isotope composition in precipitation has received increased attention during the past decades. This paper reviewed current knowledge of observed and simulated stable isotope ratios in precipitation across the Tianshan Mountains. The temperature effect of stable isotopes in precipitation has been widely accepted in arid central Asia and can be applied to paleoclimate reconstruction using ice cores. The seasonality of precipitation isotopically enriched in summer months and depleted in winter months is usually attributed to westerly-dominated moisture, but different trajectory paths to the northern and southern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains can still be modelled. The proportional contribution and its uncertainty of surface evaporation and transpiration to local precipitation can be estimated using the isotope approach, and transpiration plays a dominant role in recycled moisture for oasis sites. The impact of below-cloud evaporation on precipitation stable isotopes on the southern slope is usually larger than that on the northern slope.  相似文献   

Food Safety and Contract Edamame: The Geopolitics of the Vegetable Trade in East Asia          下载免费PDF全文

Kuan‐chi Wang 《Geographical review》2018,108(2):274-295

This paper examines how the proliferation of the new Japanese food‐safety regime has influenced the edamame industries of China and Taiwan—the two largest producers of edamame beans in the world. Edamame is not only a popular cuisine in the Asia‐Pacific region, it is also responsible for the largest‐scale frozen vegetable flow in East Asia. This study addresses how the interaction between geopolitical realities and the subcontracting of edamame crops has created an access regime governing the vegetable trade in East Asia. By addressing the complexity of the geopolitics related to contract farming, this study considers the extent to which the Japanese edamame trade has subordinated edamame producers in multiple places in Asia, while Taiwan's edamame industry has positioned itself to obtain preferential access to the edamame flow between Japan, Taiwan, and China.  相似文献   

基于CMIP5资料的东亚夏季环流的BMA预测研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

胡航菲  智协飞  郭换换  赵欢  朱寿鹏 《气象科学》2016,36(3):340-348

利用CMIP5的17个全球气候系统模式对500 hPa位势高度场的年代际回报结果,采用距平相关系数、均方根误差、平均绝对误差及连续等级概率评分4种指标,评估了贝叶斯模式平均(Bayesian model average,BMA)预报方法对东亚夏季环流的回报能力,并与最优单模式MIROC5和多模式简单集合平均结果进行了比较。结果表明,BMA方法对东亚夏季500 hPa位势高度场的回报效果是最好的,优于最优单模式MIROC5和简单集合平均的回报结果。BMA模型能产生高集中度的概率密度函数,并包含了多模式集成回报不确定性的定量估计。此外,BMA方法对西太平洋副热带高压的年际变率也有较好的回报效果,对西太平洋副热带高压的预报,选取60~70%概率下的结果更为合理。  相似文献   

江淮流域持续性极端降水及预报方法研究进展   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

翟盘茂  李蕾  周佰铨  陈阳 《应用气象学报》2016,27(5):631-640

持续性极端降水过程会引发严重的洪涝灾害,是我国主要的灾害性天气之一,其形成机理和预报理论与方法研究受到广泛关注。近年来,针对持续性极端降水的形成机理和预报方法研究取得了一系列进展,主要包括:开展了我国区域性持续性极端降水事件的自动识别方法研究,研制建立了江淮流域持续性极端降水的大尺度环流概念模型,并提取了1~2周的前兆信号;从东亚—太平洋遥相关型 (EAP) 角度探究其对持续性极端降水的影响机理,并探讨利用EAP对江淮流域持续性极端降水进行预报的可行性。此外,在上述研究的基础上发展了基于关键影响系统的持续性极端降水的物理统计预报方法。  相似文献   

1980~2013年安徽霾天气变化趋势及可能成因   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

石春娥  王喜全  李元妮  邓学良  杨元建  温华洋 《大气科学》2016,40(2):357-370

对1980~2013年安徽省霾日数的时空变化趋势及可能原因进行了分析,结果表明:(1)1980年以来,霾天气年均发生日数总体呈上升趋势,年际波动较大。不同年代,霾高发区的位置不同:20世纪80年代平均为5.5 d,沿江到江淮之间有零星的高发区;20世纪90年代平均为8.5 d,高发区在沿江中西部的望江和池州、省会合肥、淮北北部的萧县和灵璧;2000年代,平均发生日数为8.7 d,有3个高发区,分别是以合肥为中心的江淮之间中部、沿淮中部地区和沿江中东部地区。(2)按地理位置把安徽省分为6个子区,不同子区年霾日数的变化趋势不同:皖南山区变化较平缓,沿淮地区2000年后上升明显,淮北北部和沿江有先升后降的趋势。(3)地级市平均霾日数呈显著上升的趋势,而县城霾日数上升速度缓慢,且在2008年之后有下降趋势。(4)城市化和汽车拥有量激增导致氮氧化物排放量快速增多,可能是2000年之后地级市霾日数显著增多的主要因子,而县城霾日数变化的驱动因子可能是气候变化原因,如东亚季风强度的变化。  相似文献   

An inland facies-controlled eogenetic karst of the carbonate reservoir in the Middle Permian Maokou Formation,southern Sichuan Basin,SW China     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2016

Carbonate karst is one of the research highlights in the field of carbonate reservoir geology. Here, we report on a new type of karst formed in the Middle Permian Maokou Formation, southern Sichuan Basin, SW China, i.e., inland facies-controlled eogenetic karst, which is different from the previously defined telogenetic karst. This karst is eogenetic as the formation was buried at shallow depths prior to being subaerially exposed for a period of 7–8 Myr, in the paleo-continental region of the Upper Yangtze Uplift. Subaerial exposure may have been caused by a sea level regression during the Tungwu Orogeny, which gave rise to a depositional hiatus over a broad area. The top of the Maokou Formation is commonly marked by a weathered crust and an unconformable relationship with overlying layers. Below the surface, the Maokou Formation contains sediments deposited by an underground drainage. The geological setting can be inferred from an inland karst far from coastline. The subsurface karst interval consists mainly of coarse-grained limestone and micrite, with the former occurring in shoal facies deposited in a high-energy depositional environment, and the latter in non-shoal facies deposited in a low-energy environment. Both of them were interbedded with in variable thicknesses. The coarse-grained limestone layers with high porosity and permeability acted as inception horizons, more favourable for the development of karst than the micritic layers with low porosity and permeability. Therefore, in places where both coarse-grained limestone and micrite are present, the karst is considered to be facies-controlled. The primary permeability of the coarse-grained limestone, combined with the permeability provided by faults and fractures, provides sufficient channels for karst water. Formation of the karst system was characterized by contemporaneous development at multiple levels, as controlled by the stratigraphic position of coarse-grained shoal facies. The karst reservoir therefore developed in both karst highland and karst transitional zone (area between the karst highland and karst basin). According to this model of karstification, hydrocarbon exploration should focus on karst highlands located on palaeohighs and in synclines located far from fault zones.  相似文献   

东亚强寒潮--冷涌越过赤道并引发南半球热带气旋和强降水的个例研究   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7  

赵思雄  曾庆存 《气候与环境研究》2005,10(3):507-525

作者对2005年1月初北半球一次强冷空气爆发、越过赤道并影响南半球天气作了较深入的分析.此次冷空气活动引发了东亚的寒潮和大风降温;跨越赤道,在那里形成强烈扰动和强对流天气;并进入南半球,在澳大利亚夏季风槽中激发了强的对流活动,使季风低压发展增强,达到了热带气旋的强度;该热带低压又正好处于南半球中高纬西风槽前,沿槽前西北气流向南深入内陆,在澳大利亚的西澳、北澳和昆士兰等州引发了强降水,进一步确认了我国学者李宪之早在上世纪30年代提出的冬半球强冷空气爆发可以越过赤道并激发夏半球对流活动与热带气旋这一精辟的观点.此外,还揭示出冷空气活动使Hadley环流增强,利于冬季风维持.最后提出了伴有强烈扰动的冬季风环流系统的模型.  相似文献   

The effect of climatic change on southeast Asian geomorphology     

Herman Th. Verstappen 《第四纪科学杂志》1997,12(5):413-418

There is no evidence that the climatic conditions in southeast Asia during the Neogene differed substantially from the humid tropical and subtropical climates that then characterised large tracts of the globe. Tropical planation surfaces are less extensive than those prevailing, for example, in Africa as a result of tectonism related to plate tectonics. However, during the generally somewhat drier Quaternary period the effects of climatic changes on landform development were rather unique in the southeast Asian region because large areas were under the regime of the monsoonal wind system. The climatic changes thus were not limited to changes in temperature and precipitation but included changes in wind direction. The exposure of extensive shelf areas during the low sea-levels of the Pleistocene glacial stages is another characteristic that added to the area's uniqueness. The Quaternary climatic changes in southeast Asia thus comprise four types of fluctuations: temperature, precipitation, wind patterns and sea-level. Their geomorphological effects are discussed and illustrated by examples. Fluctuations in temperature had a marked effect on landform development, especially in the high mountains. The lowering of the snow- and vegetation lines resulted in glaciation in the highest parts, frost shattering further down and debris formation in the piedmont zone. Fluctuations in precipitation had a marked effect, especially on the landforms of the lower areas, where foot slopes developed under the effect of lateral activity processes in the drier periods, alternating with vertical activity processes during the more humid phases. Many sediment sequences and soil profiles, and in the driest areas even fossil dune fields, bear witness to former drier periods. Fluctuations of sea-level governed coastal evolution during the Pleistocene, when the extensive shelf areas emerged in the glacial periods and a drainage network developed. Coral reef formation in those parts thus was interrupted several times. Long records of sea-level changes are recorded in some raised coral reefs in the island arc zones. Fluctuations of wind patterns also had a pronounced effect on coastal development and coral cays in southeast Asia. This is especially evident from Holocene and recent changes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献