北美五大湖水环境保护经验分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

窦明  马军霞  胡彩虹 《气象与环境科学》2007,30(2):20-22

介绍了位于美国和加拿大边界的世界上最大的淡水水体--北美五大湖的基本情况及水环境污染和治理历程,讨论美加两国政府在水环境保护方面合作的经验,概括了五大湖环境保护工作所取得的成就.实践证明,五大湖水资源综合管理体制、水环境保护策略是行之有效的.经过几十年的努力,五大湖的水质状况已有明显改善,尤其是在人群健康保障、富营养化治理和有毒物质消减方面取得了长足的进步.  相似文献   

Diatom assemblages and water depth in Lake 239 (Experimental Lakes Area,Ontario): implications for paleoclimatic studies   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Melissa?T. MoosEmail author  Kathleen R.?Laird  Brian?F.?Cumming 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,34(2):217-227

Diatom assemblages in surface sediments were sampled along three transects in Lake 239, from the Experimental Lakes Area (NW Ontario), and analyzed in order to explore the relationship between modern species distributions and water depth. Approximately 170 diatom species were identified in surficial sediments at lake depths from 2 to 30 m. The species composition varied with sample depth but remained highly similar across all three transects. The main patterns of variation in the diatom assemblages across transects, derived from a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), showed that assemblages were highly correlated (r = 0.97 to 0.98). At depths > 8 m the pattern of predominantly benthic composition changed to a planktonic assemblage dominated by Cyclotella stelligera. This depth currently corresponds to the depth of 1% light penetration as assessed from extinction coefficient measurements. Diatom species diversity increases with the switch to the near-shore benthic taxa in all three transects. Additionally, there is a large decrease in the ratio of chrysophyte scales to diatoms at depths < 8 m. Light transmission data from wet and dry periods over the last 35 years suggests that during dry periods the extent of the littoral zone should change by over 2 m. We suggest that cores along a transect from 8 to 14 m should provide a highly sensitive location for detailed paleoclimatic study.  相似文献   

Oscillations of levels and cool phases of the Laurentian Great Lakes caused by inflows from glacial Lakes Agassiz and Barlow-Ojibway   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. F. M. Lewis  T. W. Anderson 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1989,2(2):99-146

Two distinct episodes of increased water flux imposed on the Great Lakes system by discharge from upstream proglacial lakes during the period from about 11.5 to 8 ka resulted in expanded outflows, raised lake levels and associated climate changes. The interpretation of these major hydrological and climatic effects, previously unrecognized, is mainly based on the evidence of former shorelines, radiocarbon-dated shallow-water sediment sequences, paleohydraulic estimates of discharge, and pollen diagrams of vegetation change within the basins of the present Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Nipissing. The concept of inflow from glacial Lake Agassiz adjacent to the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet about 11–10 and 9.5–8.5 ka is generally supported, with inflow possibly augmented during the second period by backflooding of discharge from glacial Lake Barlow-Ojibway.Although greater dating control is needed, six distinct phases can be recognized which characterize the hydrological history of the Upper Great Lakes from about 12 to 5 ka; 1) an early ice-dammed Kirkfield phase until 11.0 ka which drained directly to Ontario basin; 2) an ice-dammed Main Algonquin phase (11.0–10.5 ka) of relatively colder surface temperature with an associated climate reversal caused by greater water flux from glacial Lake Agassiz; 3) a short Post Algonquin phase (about 10.5–10.1 ka) encompassing ice retreat and drawdown of Lake Algonquin; 4) an Ottawa-Marquette low phase (about 10.1–9.6 ka) characterized by drainage via the then isostatically depressed Mattawa-Ottawa Valley and by reduction in Agassiz inflow by the Marquette glacial advance in Superior basin; 5) a Mattawa phase of high and variable levels (about 9.6–8.3 ka) which induced a second climatic cooling in the Upper Great Lakes area. Lakes of the Mattawa phase were supported by large inflows from both Lakes Agassiz and Barlow-Ojibway and were controlled by hydraulic resistance at a common outlet — the Rankin Constriction in Ottawa Valley — with an estimated base-flow discharge in the order of 200000 m³s^–1. 6) Lakes of the Nipissing phase (about 8.3–4.7 ka) existed below the base elevation of the previous Lake Mattawa, were nourished by local precipitation and runoff only, and drained by the classic North Bay outlet to Ottawa Valley.Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 42488.This is the twelfth of a series of papers to be published by this journal that was presented in the paleolimnology sessions organized by R. B. Davis and H. Löffler for the XIIth Congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA), which took place in Ottawa, Canada in August 1987. Dr. Davis is serving as guest editor of this series.  相似文献   

Factors affecting seasonality of lithogenic and biogenic particle flux in a large estuarine ecosystem     

B.T. Hargrave  G.L. Bugden  E.J.H. Head  B. Petrie  G.A. Phillips  D.V. Subba Rao  P.A. Yeats 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,73(3-4):379-398

Seasonal patterns of vertical flux over two years (2001–2003) at two stations in the Bras d'Or Lakes, a large estuary in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, were determined using aluminum and organic carbon in settled particles collected in moored traps to calculate lithogenic (terrigenous) and marine biogenic fractions. On an annual basis, lithogenic material comprised 53% and 81% of dry weight and 48% and 66% of organic carbon in settled particles at the deep- (128 m) and shallow-water (41 m) locations, respectively. Peaks in runoff, inferred from rain and snowfall precipitation, ice cover and possible horizontal transport of resuspended sediment coincided with maximum sedimentation rates of lithogenic material during unstratified periods between October and March. Biological factors correlated with phytoplankton and ice algal primary production and seasonal changes in zooplankton grazing inferred from phaeopigments controlled biogenic particle fluxes under stratified conditions between June and September and during winter. Year-to-year variations in deposition of lithogenic and marine biogenic material depended on seasonal differences in stratification, precipitation, freeze/melt conditions and the extent of ice cover.  相似文献   

青藏高原微生物甘油醚类化合物古气候指标研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

王欢业  刘卫国 《盐湖研究》2016,24(1)

由微生物产生的甘油醚类化合物是有机地球化学领域的研究热点之一。这些大分子化合物能够敏感的响应环境参数的变化,因而在古气候重建中具有重要意义。我国青藏高原地区甘油醚类化合物的研究起步较晚但发展很快。本文综述了该地区甘油醚类化合物气候代用指标的现代过程和古环境研究方面的一些进展,以期为青藏高原地区古环境研究工作提供一些启示。  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of the paleohydrology of glacial Lake Oshkosh, eastern Wisconsin, USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

James A. Clark  Kevin M. Befus  Peter W. Stewart  Chris T. Gregory 《Quaternary Research》2008,69(1):117-129

Proglacial lakes, formed during retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet, evolved quickly as outlets became ice-free and the earth deformed through glacial isostatic adjustment. With high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) and GIS methods, it is possible to reconstruct the evolution of surface hydrology. When a DEM deforms through time as predicted by our model of viscoelastic earth relaxation, the entire surface hydrologic system with its lakes, outlets, shorelines and rivers also evolves without requiring assumptions of outlet position. The method is applied to proglacial Lake Oshkosh in Wisconsin (13,600 to 12,900 cal yr BP). Comparison of predicted to observed shoreline tilt indicates the ice sheet was about 400 m thick over the Great Lakes region. During ice sheet recession, each of the five outlets are predicted to uplift more than 100 m and then subside approximately 30 m. At its maximum extent, Lake Oshkosh covered 6600 km² with a volume of 111 km³. Using the Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System model, flow velocities during glacial outburst floods up to 9 m/s and peak discharge of 140,000 m³/s are predicted, which could drain 33.5 km³ of lake water in 10 days and transport boulders up to 3 m in diameter.  相似文献   

OSL ages on glaciofluvial sediment in northern Lower Michigan constrain expansion of the Laurentide ice sheet     

Randall J. Schaetzl  Steven L. Forman 《Quaternary Research》2008,70(1):81-90

We report new ages on glaciofluvial (outwash) sediment from a large upland in northern Lower Michigan—the Grayling Fingers. The Fingers are cored with > 150 m of outwash, which is often overlain by the (informal) Blue Lake till of marine isotope stage (MIS) 2. They are part of an even larger, interlobate upland comprised of sandy drift, known locally as the High Plains. The ages, determined using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods, indicate that subaerial deposition of this outwash occurred between 25.7 and 29.0 ka, probably associated with a stable MIS 2 ice margin, with mean ages of ca. 27 ka. These dates establish a maximum-limiting age of ca. 27 ka for the MIS 2 (late Wisconsin) advance into central northern Lower Michigan. We suggest that widespread ice sheet stabilization at the margins of the northern Lower Peninsula, during this advance and later during its episodic retreat, partly explains the thick assemblages of coarse-textured drift there. Our work also supports the general assumption of a highly lobate ice margin during the MIS 2 advance in the Great Lakes region, with the Fingers, an interlobate upland, remaining ice-free until ca. 27 ka.  相似文献   

Applying design thinking methods to ecosystem management tools: Creating the Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Explorer     

《Marine Policy》2016

Ecosystem management (EM) requires new tools to facilitate stakeholder access to information and analysis, however these tools are often not perceived by stakeholders to be usable, useful, and salient to their concerns. This paper provides a case study which applies new participatory design methods, known as design thinking, to create an EM tool called the Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Explorer. Both participating and non-participating stakeholders rated the usability of the resulting tool positively, and stakeholders who attended design workshops rated the perceived usefulness and salience of the resulting tool more highly than those who had not. Design workshop survey data found that the methods produced an environment of collaborative learning among participants, including diverse participants, authentic dialog, and creativity. Design thinking methods hold promise for the development of new tools which better respond to the needs of EM stakeholders.  相似文献   

Hydrochemistry of Three Dystrophic Lakes in Northeastern Poland     

A. Grniak  E. Jekatierynczuk‐Rudczyk  P. Dobrzy&#x; 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1999,27(1):12-18

A hydrochemical investigation was carried out in spring, summer, and autumn, in the years 1991–1994, in three dystrophic lakes of the Wigry National Park (NE Poland). In spite of the fertile catchment basin, the developing ombrofile peat bogs of lake environment results in the acidification of lakes, the presence of small concentrations of dissolved mineral substances (below 50 mg L^–1), and exceptionally high DOC concentrations, exceeding 10 mg L^–1 C. During summer, a strong thermic stratification develops in the lakes, with constant conditions of oxygen deficiency prevailing below 3 m. In the course of the spring and autumn mixing of dystrophic lakes, the deterioration of oxygen conditions occurs in the epilimnion. In spite of high TP and NH₄⁺ concentrations, which increase from spring to autumn, the conditions developing in the lakes are unfavourable, for the functioning of aquatic organisms, on account of the strong shading. The increased direct irradiation of water bodies caused by deforestation or favourable atmospheric conditions results in an increased trophy of lakes.  相似文献   

Cyanobacterial toxins in Italian freshwaters   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Valentina Messineo  Serena Melchiorre  Antonella Lugliè  Maria Antonietta Mariani  Antonio Di Corcia  Ermanno Carloni 《Limnologica》2009,39(2):95-106

This study focuses on the occurrence and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins from 1989 to 2006 in several Italian lakes of different characteristics and human uses, the latter including drinking water abstraction and recreation. Phytoplankton and LC/MS/MS toxin analyses were performed on surface water samples collected from 28 lakes. The most widespread species associated with toxin production belonged to the genera Microcystis, Planktothrix and Anabaena. Extracellular concentrations varied from non-detectable values up to 226.16 ng/mL for microcystins (sum of all variants), to 126 ng/mL for total cylindrospermopsin, and to 100 μg/g (dry weight) for anatoxin-a.The toxin concentrations in the lake waters did not always correlate with the cyanobacteria cell densities. This implies a need for control studies including toxin detection in water together with microscopic cell evaluations, in order to avoid possible toxin underestimates.  相似文献