Surface tension and friction coefficients in shallow,laminar overland flows through organic litter     

David Dunkerley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2002,27(1):45-58

This study investigates the contribution of surface tension forces to friction coefficients in shallow, laminar interrill flows. Friction coefficients in these flows are known to be increased greatly by organic litter and by stems. Fine litter provides extensive edges along which surface tension menisci can be drawn up, and evaluating the significance of this in the frictional retardation of flow was the primary objective of the experiments reported here. Using both standardized ‘litter particles’ (small wooden blocks of fixed dimensions) and natural plant litter, meniscus behaviour and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient were evaluated in shallow flows on a laboratory sand board. For some tests, the surface tension of ordinary water was reduced by 40 per cent by the addition of a surfactant, and the friction coefficient redetermined. Results show that the presence of surface tension menisci flanking litter particles provides areas of deeper flow that are up to 7 mm in width and which can increase flow depths by 100–300 per cent. These zones support significantly higher flow speeds. Increased water depths within menisci are additionally associated with reduced depths beyond the menisci, so that an increase in the spatial variability of flow depths is a second consequence of meniscus formation. These modifications of flow depth by surface tension menisci are shown to reduce rather than increase the overall friction coefficient applicable to the flow. Consequently, additional frictional retardation does not arise within the menisci flanking litter particles and so cannot account for the greater drag arising from litter than from other surface features. Different factors, possibly the direct obstruction of flow paths, must therefore underlie the frictional drag. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

沉积强度及氮养分改变对闽江河口短叶茳芏残体短期分解与养分释放的影响     

陈冰冰  孙志高  王杰  胡星云  何涛  王华 《地理研究》2021,40(4):1165-1179

互花米草入侵过程中较强的促淤作用可导致湿地沉积环境和养分状况发生明显变化。2017年4月,选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩西北部受互花米草入侵影响的短叶茳芏湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位沉积及养分改变模拟试验,设置无沉积强度（S₀,0 cm·a^-1）、当前沉积强度（S₅,5 cm·a^-1,氮养分水平为沉积物自然氮背景值）以及当前沉积强度+氮养分倍增（S_5N,5 cm·a^-1,氮养分水平为沉积物氮背景值的两倍）三种处理,探讨沉积强度及氮养分改变对短叶茳芏残体短期分解（30 d）与养分释放的影响。结果表明,不同处理下残体的分解速率表现为S₀（0.017207 d^-1）> S_5N（0.012166 d^-1）>S₅（0.011478 d^-1）。与S₀相比,S₅和S_5N的分解速率分别降低了33.29%和29.30%,说明沉积作用抑制了残体分解,但氮养分倍增又使得抑制程度得到一定缓解。沉积增强导致残体的TC含量增加,而TN、TP和TS含量降低;相同沉积强度下,氮养分倍增对TN、TS含量变化的影响最为明显。不同处理下残体的C、N、P和S在分解初期均表现为不同程度地净释放,沉积作用降低了残体的C释放,但增加了N、P养分释放;相同沉积强度下,氮养分倍增对残体C释放的影响不大,但降低了N、P养分释放。尽管残体质量损失均是影响不同处理下残体分解初期养分变化的共性因素,但沉积及氮养分变化对残体基质质量的改变是导致残体中养分含量及释放强度存在差异的重要原因。研究发现,互花米草促淤导致的沉积增强使得短叶茳芏残体在分解初期释放的较多N、P养分在很大程度上可能被互花米草所利用,进而在一定程度上可增强其入侵能力;但在氮养分增加条件下,互花米草可能优先利用分解环境中的氮养分来增强其入侵优势。  相似文献   

A Numerical Investigation of the Eyewall Evolution of a Tropical Cyclone          下载免费PDF全文

LI Qingqing  DUAN Yihong  FU Gang  YU Hui 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2009,23(5):517-538

In this study, a high-resolution numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the eyewall evolution of Typhoon Imbudo (2003). The eyewall contraction, breakdown, and reformation are successfully simulated by the model. The eyewall accordantly shrinks throughout the whole troposphere prior to landfall, while it exhibits di erent variations after landfall in the lower and upper troposphere, respectively. It is found that the dry air advected into the storm inner core through a low-θe channel, the reduced surface latent heat transfer, and the increased in ows in the coastal region are associated with the eyewall contraction.Accompanied with the high-to-low wavenumber change in the vortex Rossby waves, the initial polygonal eyewall transforms to an elliptical one. Such a wavenumber change is likely associated with the change of interaction between the rainbands and the eyewall. The corresponding features of the time-averaged and vertical dynamic and thermodynamic structures are also examined during the storm passage. A tangential wind budget analysis indicates that a strong acceleration due to the contributions of both the eddy and the mean circulation is located in the lower layer in the eyewall during pre-landfall, and the mean circulation contribution to the change in the tendency of the azimuthally averaged tangential wind counteracts the eddy contribution.  相似文献   

滇石林地质公园喀斯特山地天然林和人工林凋落物与死地被物的动态特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

WU Yi  吴毅  刘文耀  沈有信  崔建武  李玉辉  刘伦辉 《山地学报》2007,25(3):317-325

对云南石林地质公园景区及其保护区内喀斯特山地典型森林类型凋落物组成与数量及其动态,地表死地被物现存量与持水特性等进行了研究。结果表明,本区域保护较好的滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides)林的年凋落量达7.26 t/hm2;而以团花木新姜子(Neolitsea homiantha)为主的次生林只有1.98 t/hm2;云南松(Pinus yun-nanensis)人工林和干香柏(Cupressus duclouxiana)人工林年凋落量分别是2.49 t/hm2和4.07 t/hm2。这些森林的凋落节律相似,都呈明显的“双峰型”。在地表死地被物现存量方面,干香柏林因其叶片难以分解而具有较高的地表现存量,为13.59 t/hm2,随后依次为滇青冈林(7.57 t/hm2),团花新木姜子次生林(5.02 t/hm2)和云南松人工林(4.83 t/hm2),死地被物的持水量与其现存量的大小顺序一致。根据森林年凋落量与死地被物现存量的数量关系,表明保护较好的滇青冈林内枯枝落叶的分解率明显大于次生林和人工林,周转期也短,涵养水分能力也较强。因此,应加强对喀斯特山地自然森林的保护,同时也注意对现有人工林的改造,引进一些阔叶树种,提高群落结构的整体效应。  相似文献   

三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物和根分解及其硫元素释放动态   总被引：3，自引：7，他引：3  

李新华  刘景双  杨继松 《湿地科学》2007,5(1):76-82

在三江平原小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)典型草甸湿地和小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地中,利用分解袋法研究了小叶章的枯落物和根的分解及其硫元素释放动态。结果表明,在两种类型湿地中,小叶章枯落物和根的分解模式相同,都为快、慢交替的变化模式;但它们的分解速率不同,其原因主要是两种湿地的微环境和分解袋的投放方式不同。经过450 d的分解之后,在小叶章典型草甸和小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地中,小叶章枯落物的干物质损失率分别为32.31%和36.10%,相应的分解速率分别为0.0005797 d-1和0.0006321 d-1,而小叶章根的干物质损失率分别为60.75%和33.68%,其相应的分解速率分别为0.00153 d-1和0.0006412 d-1。在两种类型湿地中,小叶章枯落物和根中的总硫含量都呈波动性变化,小叶章枯落物中硫的释放模式为淋溶、固持、释放,根中硫的释放模式为固持、释放,C/S比值是影响硫发生固持或释放的主要因素。  相似文献   

等维新息GM(1,1)模型在郑州市城市生活需水量预测中的应用     

胡惠方  吴泽宁 《气象与环境科学》2007,30(1):17-20

针对常规GM(1,1)模型存在的不足,建立了等维新息GM(1,1)城市生活需水量预测模型.利用此模型对郑州市2010、2015和2020年的需水量预测结果分别为36003×104m3、51216×104m3和73349×104m3.  相似文献   

Evapotranspiration from a Mongolian steppe under grazing and its environmental constraints     

Sheng-Gong Li  Jun Asanuma  Gombo Davaa 《Journal of Hydrology》2007,333(1):133-143

  相似文献   

Effect of moisture content on ammonia emissions from broiler litter: A laboratory study   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Zifei Liu  Lingjuan Wang  David Beasley  Edgar Oviedo 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,58(1):41-53

A dynamic flow-through chamber system was designed to measure ammonia emissions from broiler litter and to investigate the responses of ammonia emissions to litter moisture content under laboratory-controlled conditions. It was observed that ammonia emissions from litter were very sensitive to litter moisture content. As water was added to the litter, the total ammoniac nitrogen content (TAN) in the litter increased, and can potentially increase ammonia emissions. However, measurements of ammonia concentrations in the chamber and total nitrogen losses from litter samples all suggested that water applied to the litter also had an effect of suppressing ammonia emissions for a short time. After enough time (1 to 2 weeks) was allowed, higher moisture content in litter eventually resulted in higher ammonia emissions. It was also noticed that, at very high litter moisture content, even when more time was allowed, ammonia concentrations began to decrease as moisture content further increased.  相似文献   

不同植物凋落物对土壤有机碳淋失的影响及岩溶效应   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：23       下载免费PDF全文

曹建华  潘根兴  袁道先 《第四纪研究》2000,20(4):359-366

以低含量有机碳的岩溶土壤（ＳＯＣ, ０．８９％）为媒介,每１５０ｇ上添加松针、梧桐叶粉各 ７．５ｇ,１５ｇ,４个试验土柱号分别为ＳＣＣ３,ＳＣＣ５;ＳＢＣ３,ＳＢＣ５,接种岩溶土壤微生物群落后,于 恒温室内进行培养淋溶实验。结果表明,土壤淋溶液的电导值受土壤有机质含量多少及性质 的影响。土壤水溶性有机碳（ＤＯＣ）淋失总量ＳＣＣ３为５４０．７ｍｇ,ＳＣＣ５为１５２２．９ｍｇ;ＳＢＣ３为 ３８３．２ｍｇ,ＳＢＣ５为５６３．５ｍｇ。同时,土壤环境中Ｃａ^２＋的释放总量ＳＣＣ３为１４５．７ｍｇ,ＳＣＣ５为 ２８８．７ｍｇ; ＳＢＣ３为１７０．０ｍｇ,ＳＢＣ５为１６７．９ｍｇ。两者呈正相关,相关系数ｒ^２＝０．８５。下伏碳酸 盐岩的溶蚀量排序为ＳＣＣ５＞ＳＢＣ３＞ＳＣＣ３＞ＳＢＣ５,表明两种不同植物凋落物经微生物分 解,产生不同质和量的ＤＯＣ,并导致土壤环境中 Ｃａ^２＋释放的差异和不同的岩溶效应。从而初步揭示不同有机碳分解导致ＤＯＣ淋失的差异性,以及ＤＯＣ对岩溶动力系统的驱动。这与Ａ．Ｈｅｙｅｓ和Ｔ．Ｒ．Ｍｏｏｒｅ的研究结果一致。  相似文献   

凋落物和根系处理对杉木人工林土壤氮素的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

章宪  范跃新  罗茜  谢锦升  孙杰 《福建地理》2014,(2):39-44

选取19 a和91 a杉木林为研究对象,设置对照(SR)、去除凋落物和根系(NO)、去除凋落物(NL)、去除根系(NR)、双倍凋落物(DL)5种处理进行为期3 a的野外观测,以探讨凋落物和根系对杉木人工林土壤氮素的影响机制。结果发现:5种处理对NO3--N含量影响不明显,对NH4+-N影响因林龄和土层而异,DL和NR提高了19 a杉木林表土层(0~10cm)NH4+-N含量,但在矿质层(10~20 cm),所有处理均显著降低了NH4+-N含量;NO会降低杉木林DON含量,DL会促进19 a杉木林DON含量增加;杉木林的DON含量总体随土层加深而增大,与DIN含量的变化趋势相反。表明凋落物和根系是土壤氮素的重要影响因素,其影响作用因氮素形态、林龄和土层而异。  相似文献