Two-sided long baseline radargrammetry from ascending-descending orbits with application to mapping post-seismic topography in the west Sichuan foreland basin     

Hai-qin Cheng  Qiang Chen  Guo-xiang Liu  Ying-hui Yang  Li-yao Liu 《山地科学学报》2014,11(5):1298-1307

One-sided ascending or descending Synthetic Aperture Radar（SAR） stereoradargrammetry has limited accuracy of topographic mapping due to the short spatial baseline（-100 km） and small intersection angle. In order to improve the performance and reliability of generating digital elevation model（DEM） from spaceborne SAR radargrammetry, an exploration of two-sided stereoradargrammetry from the combination of ascending and descending orbits with geometric configuration of long spatial baseline（-1000 km） was conducted in this study. The slant-range geometry between SAR sensors to the earth surface and the Doppler positioning equations were employed to establish the stereoscopic intersection model. The measurement uncertainty of two-sided radargrammetric elevation was estimated on the basis of radar parallax of homogeneous points between input SAR images. Two stereo-pairs of ALOS/PALSAR（Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar） acquisitions with the orbital separation almost 1080 km over the west Sichuan foreland basin with rolling topography in southwestern China were employed in the study to obtain the up-to-date terrain data after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake that hit this area. Thequantitative accuracy assessment of two-sided radargrammetric DEM was performed with reference to field GPS observations. The experimental results show that the elevation accuracy reaches 5.5 m without ground control points（GCPs） used, and the accuracy is further improved to 1.5 m with only one GPS GCP used as the least constraint. The theoretical analysis and testing results demonstrate that the twosided long baseline SAR radargrammetry from the ascending and descending orbits can be a very promising technical alternative for large-area and high accuracy topographic mapping.  相似文献   

Physical modelling of tsunami using a new pneumatic wave generator     

Tiziana Rossetto  William Allsop  Ingrid Charvet  David I. Robinson 《Coastal Engineering》2011

The physical simulation of tsunami in the laboratory has taken a major leap forward with the construction and testing of a new wave generator, capable of recreating scaled tsunami waves. Numerical tools fail to reproduce tsunami nearshore and onshore processes well, and physical experiments in large scale hydraulic facilities worldwide have been limited to the generation of solitary waves as an (controversial) approximation for evolved forms of tsunami. The new concept in wave generation presented herein is born of collaboration between UCL's Earthquake and People Interaction Centre (EPICentre) and HR Wallingford. It allows for the first time the stable simulation of extremely long waves led either by a crest or a trough (depressed wave). This paper presents the working concepts behind the new wave generator and the first stages of testing for verifying its capacities and limitations. It is shown that the new wave generator can not only reproduce solitary waves and N-waves with large wavelengths, but also the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami as recorded off the coast of Thailand (“Mercator” trace).  相似文献   

Comparative assessment of three approaches for deriving stream power plots along long profiles in the upper Hunter River catchment, New South Wales, Australia   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Vikrant Jain  Nicholas Preston  Kirstie Fryirs  Gary Brierley 《Geomorphology》2006,74(1-4):297-317

The downstream distribution of stream power is derived and analysed for 11 different streams in the upper Hunter River catchment, Australia. Stream long profiles were produced in a GIS environment using DEM data and catchment area–discharge analysis. These profiles were analysed using three approaches, namely long profile smoothing, curve fitting and a theoretical model. The methodology for deriving stream power profiles using these three approaches is discussed. The long profile smoothing method provides a good approximation of the subcatchment variability in stream power trends. The curve fitting method shows that higher-order exponential curves provide a better fit for long profile data. For the streams of the upper Hunter River catchment, second-order exponential curves fit well with significantly less error. The curve fitting method predicts a bimodal (upstream and midstream) distribution of stream power, which is a deviation from our earlier understanding of a single midstream peak. The theoretical approach provides a mathematical expression of the observed bimodal stream power distribution. The bimodal distribution emphasises the erosion potential of headwater reaches. The resultant stream power distribution provides a catchment-scale characterisation of the distribution of available energy in any given system. Using these approaches, the variability of stream power in headwater reaches is explained by discharge variability, while variability in midstream and downstream reaches is related to high variability in channel gradient.  相似文献   

Jamaica Bay studies III: Abiotic determinants of distribution and abundance of gulls (Larus)     

Joanna Burger 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,16(2):191-216

The distribution and abundance of gulls were examined at Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge (New York) from 31 May 1978 to 31 May 1979. Gulls were found to be affected by tidal, temporal and weather-related factors. The distribution of gulls was affected primarily by tidal factors on the bay, and by temporal (seasonal, circadian) and weather-related factors on the freshwater ponds. The most important weather-related factors were temperature, wind velocity and wind direction. Herring (L. argentatus), great black-backed (L. fuscus) and ring-billed gulls (L. delawarensis) fed on the bay at low tides, and used the ponds at high tide. Laughing gulls (L. atricilla) fed on the bay at low tide and on rising tides. Herring and great black-backed gulls were present all year, but were most abundant in the winter, ring-billed gulls were abundant in spring and early fall, and laughing gulls were present in the summer following the breeding season but were absent in winter. Gulls used the ponds during high velocity, north winds, when they usually rested or preened. Multiple regression models were used to determine the factors explaining the variability in the numbers of gulls. Temporal variables were important contributors to accounting for the variability in the numbers of great black-backed and herring gulls only; tidal variables were significant for great black-backed and herring gulls on the bay, and for ring-billed and laughing gulls on all areas; and weather variables were significant for all species.  相似文献   

Tidally-induced residual currents in Long Island and Block Island Sounds     

John P. Ianniello 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1981,12(2):177-191

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在FS下观测站特有设备的控制     

薛祝和 《中国科学院上海天文台年刊》2011,(0)

介绍了FS软件的基本特征和ES控制标准硬件的详细工作流程。还具体介绍了在FS软件下控制观测站各种特有硬件的方法、步骤。本文可供中国VLBI网观测站程序员参考。  相似文献   

华北地区大地震的长余震序列     

王辉  刘勉  李振  曹建玲  荆燕 《地震》2013,33(3)

作为活化的古老克拉通,华北地区的地震活动非常频繁。上世纪60年代以来,华北地区曾经发生了1966年邢台M7.2,1975年海城M7.3和1976年唐山M7.8等地震。2012年5月28日,在唐山地震震源区又发生了M4.8地震,引起了国内外地学界的广泛关注和争议。争议的焦点在于此次地震是1976年唐山地震的余震,还是唐山地区乃至整个华北地区新一轮地震活动开始的预兆。本文利用华北地区过去40多年的地震活动资料,研究了邢台、海城和唐山地区的地震活动。研究结果显示,邢台、海城和唐山地区过去30多年的小震活动明显高于这些地区大震前的地震活动及华北地区的背景地震活动,应是余震。同时由GPS资料计算的邢台、海城和唐山地区的地壳水平应变率也明显高于华北地区的背景值。这些小震活动和地壳水平应变率同时表明邢台、海城和唐山强震区的余震数十年后仍在持续。震后粘性松弛可能是华北地区长时间余震持续的主要原因。  相似文献   

Boundary-based analysis for the assessment of coastal dune landscape integrity over time     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2013

Coastal dunes are transitional systems which offer manifold ecosystem services, including material and intangible benefits, whose relevance for human society has been little investigated to date. In order to plan a sustainable use of these threatened ecosystems, proper indicators to quantify ecological services and functions over time should be provided. Since the functionality of coastal dunes is affected by the specific contiguity among different dune habitat patches, in this paper we propose the use of landscape integrity, expressed by the number and length of boundary types among the aforementioned habitats, as an ecosystem functionality indicator. In particular, we aim at properly expressing the trend of coastal dune mosaic integrity in two Italian LTER sites over the last sixty years by applying a generalized diversity function on the number and length of boundary types. Such functions, unlike a traditional diversity index, allow a complete summarization of landscape diversity and structure. The proposed method has proved to be effective in the considered context, because it has adequately underlined the different landscape integrity trend recorded in the two sites. In particular, generalized diversity functions showed to efficiently express both rough and moderate anthropogenic transformations, which affected spatial heterogeneity and functionality of the considered coastal dune mosaic. Further applications at different scales and across different ecosystems are encouraged.  相似文献   

Path Dependency and Patterns of Collective Action: Space,Place, and Agency in Long Beach,California, 1900–1960     

Gary Hytrek 《Urban geography》2013,34(4):496-522

Drawing on the insights of the geography, structural, and social movement literature this study analyzes the interactive effects of structure, space, place, and agency on patterns of collective action in Long Beach, California. Long Beach and Los Angeles occupy the same regional landscape with similar economies, yet the logic of collective action varies considerably. It is argued that preceding 1960, pro-business elites in Long Beach allied with their Los Angeles counterparts to spatially restrict labor organizing and foster patterns of noncontiguous interdependencies within and among labor and community groups. Through violence, cultural references, local and extralocal political policies, and regional coalition building before 1960, the Long Beach ruling elites fragmented the labor and community sector and inhibited the emergence of an organizational infrastructure necessary to foster community-based change after 1960. The legacies of this period are reflected in a fragmented labor and community sector set against a powerful ideologically driven, business-led opposition.  相似文献   

云南中甸香格里拉大酒店项目岩土工程分析     

高伏芳 《云南地质》2012,(1):93-95

经资料整理、数理统计以及参照地区经验,认为场地工程性能一般,应采用桩基础或进行地基处理,提出合理岩土工程参数及地基处理方法、建议。  相似文献