Long-term ice sheet–climate interactions under anthropogenic greenhouse forcing simulated with a complex Earth System Model     

Miren Vizcaíno  Uwe Mikolajewicz  Matthias Gröger  Ernst Maier-Reimer  Guy Schurgers  Arne M. E. Winguth 《Climate Dynamics》2008,31(6):665-690

Several multi-century and multi-millennia simulations have been performed with a complex Earth System Model (ESM) for different anthropogenic climate change scenarios in order to study the long-term evolution of sea level and the impact of ice sheet changes on the climate system. The core of the ESM is a coupled coarse-resolution Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM). Ocean biogeochemistry, land vegetation and ice sheets are included as components of the ESM. The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) decays in all simulations, while the Antarctic ice sheet contributes negatively to sea level rise, due to enhanced storage of water caused by larger snowfall rates. Freshwater flux increases from Greenland are one order of magnitude smaller than total freshwater flux increases into the North Atlantic basin (the sum of the contribution from changes in precipitation, evaporation, run-off and Greenland meltwater) and do not play an important role in changes in the strength of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (NAMOC). The regional climate change associated with weakening/collapse of the NAMOC drastically reduces the decay rate of the GrIS. The dynamical changes due to GrIS topography modification driven by mass balance changes act first as a negative feedback for the decay of the ice sheet, but accelerate the decay at a later stage. The increase of surface temperature due to reduced topographic heights causes a strong acceleration of the decay of the ice sheet in the long term. Other feedbacks between ice sheet and atmosphere are not important for the mass balance of the GrIS until it is reduced to 3/4 of the original size. From then, the reduction in the albedo of Greenland strongly accelerates the decay of the ice sheet.  相似文献   

天气可预报性的时空分布   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  

丁瑞强  李建平 《气象学报》2009,67(3):343-354

为了能从非线件误差增长动力学的角度研究大气的可预报性问题,文章引入了可预报性研究的新方法--非线性局部Lyapunov指数.非线性局部Lyapunov指数及其相关统计量能够被用来定量地确定混沌系统可预报性的大小,真正地实现对可预报性的定量化研究.为了把非线性局部Lyapunov指数方法应用到实际的大气可预报性研究中,给出了一种利用大气的实际观测资料估计非线性局部Lyapunov指数的计算方法.存非线性局部Lyapunov指数方法的基础上,文中利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对大气位势高度场、温度场、纬向风场、经向风场等要素场可预报性的时空分布进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在500 hPa高度层上,对于不同的要素场,其可预报期限的大小以及时空分布规律都不一样;全球大部分地区位势高度场可预报期限最大,温度场和纬向风场次之,而经向风场的可预报期限最小.(2)在500 hPa高度层七,位势高度场和温度场的纬向平均可预报期限基本上表现为一定的南北纬向带状分布,热带地区和南极地区的可预报期限最大,北极地区次之,南北半球中高纬度地区可预报期限相对较小.纬向风场可预报期限在热带地区最高,但是南北极地区可预报期限与邻近的中高纬度地区差别不大.经向风场可预报期限在南北两极地区最高,南北半球的中纬度和赤道附近地区可预报期限最小.(3)在垂直方向上,纬向平均高度场、温度场以及纬向风场可预报期限基本上都是随高度升高而增加,高层的可预报期限明显大于低层;经向风场可预报期限随高度的变化比较复杂,不同的纬度有所不同.(4)可预报性有明显的季节变化,不同要素场可预报期限高低值区的位置和强度随季节鄙有明显变化,对于全球大部分地区来说,冬季可预报性都大于夏季的.  相似文献   

华南前汛期盛期中国东部降水异常模态的环流特征及成因分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郭恒  张庆云 《气候与环境研究》2016,21(6):633-652

根据1958~2011年中国东部(105°E以东)316站逐日降水观测资料及环流逐日再分析资料,利用统计分析、物理量诊断等方法,探讨华南前汛期盛期(5月21日至6月10日)中国东部降水异常模态及对应大气环流特征和可能成因。分析发现,华南前汛期盛期中国东部降水异常表现为两个相互独立的降水模态:第一模态为华南全区一致型,当其时间系数为正(负)时,整个华南降水偏多(少),黄河中游降水偏少(多);第二模态为华南沿海东部型,当其时间系数为正(负)时,华南沿海东部降水偏多(少),而长江中下游降水偏少(多)。研究发现,造成华南前汛期盛期两个降水型的环流特征有明显差异:全区一致型降水主要受东亚高空西风急流南北偏移、副热带高压脊东西偏移及低层南海北部异常风场影响;沿海东部型降水主要由东亚高空西风急流强弱及位置异常、副热带高压强弱变化、低层日本以南西太平洋异常风场导致。此外,两个降水型对应环流异常的成因也各不相同。第一模态中高层环流异常由丝绸之路遥相关型导致,低层风场异常在5月下旬由阿拉伯海向下游传播的风场异常波列引起,在6月上旬则由西太平洋西移的异常反气旋(气旋)造成。第二模态的中高层环流异常先后由极地—欧亚遥相关型、环球遥相关型引起,低层风场异常由高层环流异常的动力作用造成。两降水型均存在整层深厚的垂直运动,但第一模态的垂直运动在高层闭合且对应显著的辐合辐散异常,第二模态则不具有上述特征。  相似文献   

北半球大气遥相关型冬夏差异及其与温度场关系的探讨   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

陈芳丽  黎伟标 《大气科学》2009,33(3):513-523

利用55年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 采用合成分析等方法探讨了冬、 夏季北半球大气遥相关型的差异及其与温度场的关系。主要结果有: 北半球冬、 夏季典型的大气遥相关型具有很大的差异, 且大气遥相关路径的偏折与温度场的变化有密切的关系。北半球冬季, 呈经向型分布特征的大气遥相关路径在温度纬向梯度正负号发生改变处发生偏折; 而在北半球夏季, 由于温度场分布呈现纬向特征, 遥相关路径不易产生南北向的偏折, 从而使得异常中心基本上沿纬圈分布, 呈明显的纬向特征。此外, 由于冬季等温线南北起伏明显的区域往往位于东西方向海陆交界处, 因此冬季大气遥相关路径往往在东西向海陆交界处发生偏折。  相似文献   

Effect of tropospheric temperature change on the zonal mean circulation and SH winter extratropical cyclones   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Eun-Pa Lim  Ian Simmonds 《Climate Dynamics》2009,33(1):19-32

This study aims to understand the mechanisms which cause an overall reduction of SH extratropical cyclone activity with a slight increase in the high latitudes in a warmer climate simulated in general circulation models (GCMs) with increasing CO₂. For this purpose, we conducted idealized model experiments by forcing warm temperature anomalies to the areas where climate change models exhibit local maximum warming—the tropics in the upper troposphere and the polar regions in the lower troposphere—simultaneously and separately. The Melbourne University atmospheric GCM (R21) coupled with prescribed SST was utilized for the experiments. Our results demonstrate that the reduction of SH extratropical cyclone frequency and depth in the midlatitudes but the slight increase in the high latitudes suggested in climate change models result essentially from the tropical upper tropospheric warming. With this tropical warming, the enhanced static stability which decreases baroclinicity in the low and midlatitudes turns out to be a major contributor to the decrease of cyclone activity equatorward of 45°S whereas the increased meridional temperature gradient in the high latitudes seems an important mechanism for the increase of cyclone activity over 50°–60°S.  相似文献   

气候系统模式FGOALS_gl模拟的赤道太平洋年际变率   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

满文敏  周天军  张丽霞 《大气科学》2010,34(6):1141-1154

本文分析了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室 (LASG/IAP) 发展的气候系统模式FGOALS_gl对赤道太平洋年际变率的模拟能力。结果表明, FGOALS_gl可以较好地模拟出赤道太平洋SST异常年际变率的主要特征, 但模拟的ENSO事件振幅偏大, 且变率周期过于规则。耦合模式模拟的气候平均风应力在热带地区比ERA40再分析资料的风应力强度偏弱30%左右, 由此引起的海洋平均态的变化, 是造成模拟的ENSO振幅偏强的主要原因。FGOALS_gl模拟的ENSO峰值多出现在春季或夏季, 原因可归之于模式模拟的SST季节循环偏差。耦合模式可以合理再现ENSO演变过程, 但观测中SST异常的东传特征在模式中没有得到再现, 这与模拟的ENSO发展模态表现为单一的 “SST模态” 有关。模拟的ENSO位相转换机制与 “充电—放电” 概念模型相符合, 赤道太平洋热含量的变化是维持ENSO振荡的机制。在ENSO暖位相时期, 赤道中东太平洋与印度洋—西太平洋暖池区的海平面气压距平型表现为南方涛动型 (SO型), 200 hPa位势高度分布表现为太平洋—北美遥相关型 (PNA型)。  相似文献   

Recent changes in the North Atlantic circulation simulated with eddy-permitting and eddy-resolving ocean models   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Robert Marsh  Beverly A. de Cuevas  Andrew C. Coward  Julien Jacquin  Joel J.-M. Hirschi  Yevgeny Aksenov  A.J. George Nurser  Simon A. Josey 《Ocean Modelling》2009,28(4):226-239

Three eddy-permitting (1/4°) versions and one eddy-resolving (1/12°) version of the OCCAM ocean model are used to simulate the World Ocean circulation since 1985. The first eddy-permitting simulation has been used extensively in previous studies, and provides a point of reference. A second, improved, eddy-permitting simulation is forced in the same manner as the eddy-resolving simulation, with a dataset based on a blend of NCEP re-analysis and satellite data. The third eddy-permitting simulation is forced with a different dataset, based on the ERA-40 re-analysis data. Inter-comparison of these simulations in the North Atlantic clarifies the relative importance of resolution and choice of forcing dataset, for simulating the mean state and recent variability of the basin-scale circulation in that region. Differences between the first and second eddy-permitting simulations additionally reveal an erroneous influence of sea ice on surface salinity, dense water formation, and the meridional overturning circulation. Simulations are further evaluated in terms of long-term mean ocean heat transport at selected latitudes (for which hydrographic estimates are available) and sea surface temperature errors (relative to observations). By these criteria, closest agreement with observations is obtained for the eddy-resolving simulation. In this simulation, there is also a weak decadal variation in mid-latitudes, with heat transport strongest, by around 0.2 PW, in the mid-1990s. In two of the eddy-permitting simulations, by contrast, heat transport weakens through the study period, by up to 0.4 PW in mid-latitudes. The most notable changes of heat transport in all simulations are linked to a weakening of the subpolar gyre, rather than changes in the meridional overturning circulation. It is concluded that recent changes in the structure of mid-latitude heat transport in the North Atlantic are more accurately represented if eddies are explicitly resolved.  相似文献   

EL NINO EPISODE-RELATED NH 100 hpa CIRCULATION ANOMALY     

施能  沈桐立  曹鸿兴 《热带气象学报(英文版)》1995,1(1):23-33

Investigation is carried out of winter Northern Hemisphere (NH) 100 hpa teleconnection, indicating the existence of a PNA pattern whose wavetrain well resembles that at 500 hpa level. During the climax of the EI Nino episode (winter), the 100 PNA becomes strong, a fact that manifests itself more clearly than at the 500 hpa level. Moreover, study is made of the anomaly in the tropical monthly windfield and mean circulation on a seasonal basis in a range of phases of the EI Nino event. Results show that the 100 hpa geopotential height is lowered on a large scale in the spring and previous winter with the event happening as compared to a La Nina year, wherewith diagnosis is performed of the 1991/1992 EI Nino episode.  相似文献   

EFFECTS OF VARIATION OF WINTER SEA-ICE AREA IN KARA AND BARENTS SEAS ON EAST ASIA WINTER MONSOON^*          下载免费PDF全文

Wu Bingyi  Huang Ronghui  Gao Dengyi 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1999,13(2):141-153

By analyzing the observation data and performing the numerical simulation tests,it is shown that the Kara and the Barents Sea area is a key region to influence climate variation over the Northern Hemisphere.The variation of winter sea-ice area in the key region is closely associated with that of the EU teleconnection pattern at 500 hPa and East Asia winter monsoon(EAWM) intensity.When a heavy sea-ice prevails in the key region,the EU teleconnection pattern at 500 hPa is excited easily(there are positive 500 hPa height anomalies over around Japan and West Europe),and winter Siberia high is weakened,meanwhile,sea level pressure(SLP) has positive anomalies over the Northern Pacific.Therefore,EAWM will be weakened,winter temperature over East Asia is above normal and the frequency of cold-air activity in February in China will be decreased.When the light sea-ice occurs in the key region,the results will be opposite.  相似文献   

南方涛动与我国东部盛夏季风雨北进程度的年际遥联   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

徐群  施丹平 《大气科学》1993,17(4):462-468

上年6月南方涛动指数(SOI)和盛夏(7-8月)我国东部季风雨带位置及江淮下游雨量存在显著的相关,经过分析,发现此种遥联是通过长达15个月的如下海-气相互作用形成的:偏强(弱)的南方涛动会伴随着赤道中-东太平洋海面水温偏低(高);此种趋势会从上年6月持续到次年初春,而同时冬季中太平洋中低纬经向海温梯度(△T)即趋向减弱(增强),向中高纬的热量输送偏少(多).△T和随后春夏各月北半球100hPa高度场和500-100hPa厚度场的相关计算表明,正高相关区从热带中太平洋区逐步向东亚中纬输送,这可能反映出高空热量经由一系列行星波西传并于盛夏抵达东亚中纬,从而影响到100hPa层青藏高压东部的伸缩、我国东部季风雨带的南北位置和江淮下游的旱涝趋势.  相似文献