Advances in elucidating biogeochemical processes in soils: It is about scale and interfaces   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Donald L. Sparks   《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):243

Contributions in biogeochemical research have immensely benefited humankind, including enhanced food production and the quality of our environment. This overview paper focuses on recent breakthroughs in elucidating biogeochemical processes in soils and other natural materials and delineates frontiers for the present decade and beyond. Frontiers will undoubtedly involve multiple spatial and temporal scale investigations, elucidation of reactions at biological, chemical, and physical interfaces, and the use of advanced in situ technologies in combination with interdisciplinary research.  相似文献   

Interaction of calcium dioleate collector colloids with calcite and fluorite surfaces as revealed by AFM force measurements and molecular dynamics simulation     

Keqing Fa  Anh V. Nguyen  Jan D. Miller 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006

Spherical calcium dioleate particles (∼ 10 μm in diameter) were used as AFM (atomic force microscope) probes to measure interaction forces of the collector colloid with calcite and fluorite surfaces. The attractive AFM force between the calcium dioleate sphere and the fluorite surface is strong and has a longer range than the DLVO (Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek) prediction. The repulsive AFM force between the calcium dioleate sphere and the fluorite surface does not agree with the DLVO prediction. Consideration of non-DLVO forces, including the attractive hydrophobic force, was necessary to explain the experimental results. The non-DLVO interactions considered were justified by the different interfacial water structures at fluorite– and calcite–water interfaces as revealed by the numerical computation experiments using molecular dynamics simulation. The density of interfacial water at the fluorite surface is low and the fluorite surface is not strongly wetted by water molecules. In contrast to the water at the fluorite surface, water molecules at the calcite surface form tightly packed monolayer structures and the calcite surface is extensively hydrated by water molecules. The interfacial water structure agrees with the AFM force measurements and the flotation recovery data. The strong attraction between the calcium dioleate colloid and the fluorite surface, and the moderately wetted fluorite surface by water molecules explain the better flotation response of fluorite with the oleate collector colloid.  相似文献   

Organic geochemistry of Deep Sea Drilling Project sediments from the Gulf of Calofornia—hydrothermal effects on unconsolidated diatom ooze     

Bernd R.T. Simoneit  R.P. Philp  P.D. Jenden  E.M. Galimov 《Organic Geochemistry》1984,7(3-4)

The effects of intrusive thermal stress have been studied on a number of Pleistocene sediment samples obtained from Leg 64 of the DSDP-IPOD program in the Gulf of California. Samples were selected from Sites 477, 478 and 481 where the organic matter was subjected to thermal stress from sill intrusions. For comparison purposes, samples from Sites 474 and 479 were selected as representative of unaltered material.The GC and GC-MS data show that lipids of the thermally unaltered samples were derived from microbial and terrestrial higher-plant detritus. Samples from sill proximities were found to contain thermally-derived distillates and those adjacent to sills contained essentially no lipids. Curie point pyrolysis combined with GC and GC-MS was used to show that kerogens from the unaltered samples reflected their predominantly autochthonous microbial origin. Pyrograms of the altered kerogens were much less complex than the unaltered samples, reflecting the thermal effects. The kerogens adjacent to the sills produce little or no pyrolysis products since these intrusions into unconsolidated, wet sediments resulted in in situ pyrolysis of the organic matter.Examination of the kerogens by ESR showed that spin density and line width pass through a maximum during the course of alteration but ESR g-values show no correlation with maturity. Stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) values of kerogens decrease by 1–1.5‰ near the sills at Sites 477 and 481 and the atomic N/C decreases slightly with proximity to a smaller sill at Site 478. Differences in maturation behavior between Site 477 and 481 and Site 478 are attributed to dissimilarities in thermal stress and to chemical and isotopic heterogeneity of Guaymas Basin protokerogen.  相似文献   

Correlation of the Canol Formation source rock with oil from Norman Wells     

L.R. Snowdon  P.W. Brooks  G.K. Williams  F. Goodarzi 《Organic Geochemistry》1987,11(6)

The source of the oil at Norman Wells has long been assumed to have been the Canol Formation and/or the Bluefish Member of the Hare Indian Formation. These two units are stratigraphically above and below the Kee Scarp Formation reservoir unit respectively, and are both bituminous shales. A wide range of analytical techniques including Rock-Eval pyrolysis, solvent extraction and fractionation, capillary gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and white light and fluorescence microscopy has been used to characterize core samples of these two units and two samples of crude oil from the Norman Wells field.Most of the analytical techniques were insufficiently refined to either differentiate the extracts from each other or to make a definitive oil/source rock correlation. Collision activated decomposition coupled with multiple ion detection mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) did provide sufficient chemical compositional detail of the oils and the two potential sources to demonstrate that the Canol Formation has been the effective source of the Norman Wells oil whereas the Bluefish Member has not. Petrological analysis of the organic fractions also indicates that although the bulk organic composition of both units may be classified as Type II organic matter, significant differences exist between them. The Bluefish Member contains substantial amounts of megaspores, whereas the organic matter in the Canol Formation is largely phytoplankton debris.The level of thermal maturity of the core samples ranges from immature to moderately mature in the vicinity of the Norman Wells field to overmature for the samples obtained to the west and north of the field. The level of thermal maturity of the oil was observed to be somewhat higher than that of the samples of the source formation directly above the field. It was thus inferred that some lateral migration from more mature areas has occurred but the extent of this migration was not necessarily more than a few to tens of kilometers.  相似文献   

许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)EST-SSR标记开发及通用性检测     

薛蕊  马海涛  韩承慧  王斐  孙国华  姜海滨 《海洋与湖沼》2015,46(5):1096-1102

利用已发表的EST序列设计引物并结合PCR筛选的方法,对许氏平鲉多态EST-SSR引物进行了开发。结果表明:(1)许氏平鲉EST-SSR位点发现率为9.14%,核心序列以二碱基重复出现频率最高,占到33.03%,其中以TG/CA基序最为丰富。(2)共设计引物56对,46对实现有效扩增,其中18对具有多态性。(3)野生群体遗传多样性分析显示,每个位点观测等位基因数(Na)为2—9,平均观测等位基因数为3.89;观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)及平均值分别是0.0333—0.8000、0.0333—0.7927和0.3037、0.3757;每个位点的多态信息含量(PIC)在0.0323—0.7522之间,其中高度多态位点5个,中度多态位点5个;经Bonferroni校正后,3个位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,但两两位点间不存在连锁不平衡现象。(4)许氏平鲉多态EST-SSR引物对朝鲜平鲉、褐菖鲉通用性检测结果表明,引物对二者的通用率和多态率分别为88.89%、100.00%和33.33%、88.89%。研究表明,这些通用引物可用于相关物种的遗传多样性评价、系统进化分析和比较基因组作图等研究。  相似文献   

绿鳍马面鲀微卫星标记开发及在丝背细鳞鲀中的通用性检测     

王九龙  徐文刚  杨沛  杨婕  杜荣斌  刘立明 《海洋科学》2022,46(6):99-108

为充分挖掘绿鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconus modestus)基因组资源,开发可用于群体遗传学研究的分子标记,本研究利用NCBI数据库中公布的绿鳍马面鲀全基因组序列筛查微卫星位点并在野生群体中验证,在85个选取的位点中筛选得到30个新的多态性较高的微卫星标记。每个微卫星标记的等位基因数为4~16,平均为8.5个;观测杂合度范围为0.207~0.916,平均值为0.685;期望杂合度范围为0.315~0.971,平均值为0.756;多态信息含量范围为0.301~0.898,平均值为0.716,其中属于高度多态的位点有26个,占总位点数的86.67%;经过Bonferroni校正后,有7个位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。将30个绿鳍马面鲀多态性微卫星标记在丝背细鳞鲀(Stephanolepis cirrhifer)中进行通用性检测,其中13个位点成功扩增,9个位点具有多态性。本研究开发的微卫星标记可用于绿鳍马面鲀及相关物种的遗传多样性分析、QTL定位以及系统进化等研究。  相似文献   

The effect of external pressure & magnetic field in star formation: The critical mass model     

《New Astronomy》2022

Theoretical work addressing the role of external pressure with magnetic fields in collapsing molecular clouds is important in building a comprehensive theory of star formation(SF). In many SF studies turbulence, magnetic fields, and self-gravity are described as the key dynamical processes involved in SF. However, the importance of external pressure in collapsing strongly magnetized clouds has not yet been particularly explained. Magnetic fields transport excess angular momentum from the central core while external pressure compresses the cloud. Thus the outflow of angular momentum, and on the other hand, the compression made by external pressure are the cause for matter falling onto the central core from the envelope. Therefore, external pressure facilitates the collapse of gas and the inflow of matter. In this work, we show theoretically how the strong magnetic field is dragged inward by the external pressure during the core collapse and formulate the critical mass of the core in the presence of external pressure.  相似文献   

Progress of the Study on (Sub)millimeter Lines in Galaxies During the Herschel Period     

《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》2022,46(1):1-35

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