承压水体上煤柱留设的理论与实践     

刘仁路 《云南地质》2008,27(4):455-463

华盖山煤矿主要可采Ⅱ号煤层下存在强岩溶含水层,为划定安全开采范围,综合应用国内相关科研成果,成功地留设防水煤柱,划定可采区域。经矿井建设检验,满足安全开采需要。  相似文献   

表面增生合成水晶簇与天然水晶簇鉴别     

谢平辉 《云南地质》2008,27(4):434-436

水热法合成的表面增生水晶的晶体习性与天然水晶近似,但包体性质、偏光镜干涉色、晶体表面特征等方面有明显区别,藉此可作鉴别。  相似文献   

干旱区流域生态水文耦合模拟与调控的若干思考   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

严登华  王浩  杨舒媛  刘明国  霍竹 《地球科学进展》2008,23(7):773-778

系统识别全球变化和高强度人类活动影响下干旱区流域生态水文耦合作用机制及演变规律,并通过综合生态水文调控,构建健康水循环和生态安全格局,是干旱区流域亟待解决的关键科学问题。传统的基于水文过程与生态过程的分离模拟与调控,尚不能满足上述实践需求;需结合原型观测与实验,对大气模式、水文模型、生态模式（包括天然生态模拟模型和作物生长模式）进行耦合开发,构建具有统一物理机制的流域生态水文模型。以此为支撑,对干旱区流域生态水文过程演变规律及阈值特征进行系统识别;并结合水生态服务功能评价,提出流域生态安全修复及水资源合理配置与调度方案;制定有效的风险管理措施,对流域生态水文过程进行动态调控。  相似文献   

The challenge of valuing ecosystem services that have no material benefits     

《Global Environmental Change》2017

Since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, ecosystem service science has made much progress in framing core concepts and approaches, but there is still debate around the notion of cultural services, and a growing consensus that ecosystem use and ecosystem service use should be clearly differentiated. Part of the debate resides in the fact that the most significant sources of conflict around natural resource management arise from the multiple managements (uses) of ecosystems, rather than from the multiple uses of ecosystem services.If the ecosystem approach or the ecosystem service paradigm are to be implemented at national levels, there is an urgent need to disentangle what are often semantic issues, revise the notion of cultural services, and more broadly, practically define the less tangible ecosystem services on which we depend. This is a critical step to identifying suitable ways to manage trade-offs and promote adaptive management.Here we briefly review the problems associated with defining and quantifying cultural ecosystem services and suggest there could be merit in discarding this term for the simpler non-material ecosystem services. We also discuss the challenges in valuing the invaluable, and suggest that if we are to keep ecosystem service definition focused on the beneficiary, we need to further classify these challenging services, for example by differentiating services to individuals from services to communities. Also, we suggest that focussing on ecosystem service change rather than simply service delivery, and identifying common boundaries relevant for both people and ecosystems, would help meet some of these challenges.  相似文献   

A MODIS-based automated flood monitoring system for southeast asia     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2017

Flood disasters in Southeast Asia result in significant loss of life and economic damage. Remote sensing information systems designed to spatially and temporally monitor floods can help governments and international agencies formulate effective disaster response strategies during a flood and ultimately alleviate impacts to population, infrastructure, and agriculture. Recent destructive flood events in the Lower Mekong River Basin occurred in 2000, 2011, 2013, and 2016 (http://ffw.mrcmekong.org/historical_rec.htm, April 24, 2017).The large spatial distribution of flooded areas and lack of proper gauge data in the region makes accurate monitoring and assessment of impacts of floods difficult. Here, we discuss the utility of applying satellite-based Earth observations for improving flood inundation monitoring over the flood-prone Lower Mekong River Basin. We present a methodology for determining near real-time surface water extent associated with current and historic flood events by training surface water classifiers from 8-day, 250-m Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data spanning the length of the MODIS satellite record. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) signature of permanent water bodies (MOD44W; Carroll et al., 2009) is used to train surface water classifiers which are applied to a time period of interest. From this, an operational nowcast flood detection component is produced using twice daily imagery acquired at 3-h latency which performs image compositing routines to minimize cloud cover. Case studies and accuracy assessments against radar-based observations for historic flood events are presented. The customizable system has been transferred to regional organizations and near real-time derived surface water products are made available through a web interface platform. Results highlight the potential of near real-time observation and impact assessment systems to serve as effective decision support tools for governments, international agencies, and disaster responders.  相似文献   

The structural preservation of a titanosaurid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) vertebral ligament     

《Cretaceous Research》2016

Within the past decade exceptional preservation of original organic components have been reported from several dinosaurian families, including members of Sauropodomorpha. Here we document the partial preservation of a vertebral ligament in the dorsal and sacral series of a titanosaur. Unlike other cases of tissue preservation, this structure does not represent biomineralization of the original organic components. Histology, morphology, and comparative anatomy from extant taxa as well as the preferential placement on the vertebral column suggests that it represents the partial preservation of the nuchal ligament. While preservation of other sauropod connective tissues are known, this case represents the first reported non-biomineralized tissue from a sauropod. In consideration of the location and external and internal morphologies compared to modern vertebral ligaments, we believe this structure to be the micritic replacement of the original tissue via microbially-mediated processes. Along with the suggestive external morphology, internally we interpret some of the unusual structures to represent the remnants of the collagen and elastin fascicles that are strongly overprinted by a clotted, thrombolytic-like fabric recording microbial activity and deposition of micrite prior to lithification. In consideration of the interpreted depositional history, we theorize that post-deposition, bacteria deposited the micrite as a byproduct of metabolization. Subsequently, the recognition of this structure as a vertebral ligament, the largest of such thus documented, substantiates previous findings on the morphological attributes of sauropod vertebral ligaments.  相似文献   

A ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America,and implications for dinosaur biogeography     

《Cretaceous Research》2016

Tyrannosaurs and hadrosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America (Appalachia) are distinct from those found in western North America (Laramidia), suggesting that eastern North America was isolated during the Late Cretaceous. However, the Late Cretaceous fauna of Appalachia remains poorly known. Here, a partial maxilla from the Campanian Tar Heel Formation (Black Creek Group) of North Carolina is shown to represent the first ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America. The specimen has short alveolar slots, a ventrally projected toothrow, a long dentigerous process overlapped by the ectopterygoid, and a toothrow that curves laterally, a combination of characters unique to the Leptoceratopsidae. The maxilla has a uniquely long, slender and downcurved posterior dentigerous process, suggesting a specialized feeding strategy. The presence of a highly specialized ceratopsian in eastern North America supports the hypothesis that Appalachia underwent an extended period of isolation during the Late Cretaceous, leading the evolution of a distinct dinosaur fauna dominated by basal tyrannosauroids, basal hadrosaurs, ornithimimosaurs, nodosaurs, and leptoceratopsids. Appalachian vertebrate communities are most similar to those of Laramidia. However some taxa-including leptoceratopsids-are also shared with western Europe, raising the possibility of a Late Cretaceous dispersal route connecting Appalachia and Europe.  相似文献   

Potential emissions of CO2 and methane from proved reserves of fossil fuels: An alternative analysis     

《Global Environmental Change》2016

Scientists have argued that no more than 275 GtC (IPCC, 2013) of the world’s reserves of fossil fuels of 746 GtC can be produced in this century if the world is to restrict anthropogenic climate change to ≤2 °C. This has raised concerns about the risk of these reserves becoming “stranded assets” and creating a dangerous “carbon bubble” with serious impacts on global financial markets, leading in turn to discussions of appropriate investor and consumer actions. However, previous studies have not always clearly distinguished between reserves and resources, nor differentiated reserves held by investor-owned and state-owned companies with the capital, infrastructure, and capacity to develop them in the short term from those held by nation-states that may or may not have such capacity. This paper analyzes the potential emissions of CO₂ and methane from the proved reserves as reported by the world's largest producers of oil, natural gas, and coal. We focus on the seventy companies and eight government-run industries that produced 63% of the world’s fossil fuels from 1750 to 2010 (Heede, 2014), and have the technological and financial capacity to develop these reserves. While any reserve analysis is subject to uncertainty, we demonstrate that production of these reported reserves will result in emissions of 440 GtC of carbon dioxide, or 160% of the remaining 275 GtC carbon budget. Of the 440 GtC total, the 42 investor-owned oil, gas, and coal companies hold reserves with potential emissions of 44 GtC (16% of the remaining carbon budget, hereafter RCB), whereas the 28 state-owned entities possess reserves of 210 GtC (76% of the RCB). This analysis suggests that what may be needed to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference (DAI) with the climate system differs when one considers the state-owned entities vs. the investor-owned entities. For the former, there is a profound risk involved simply in the prospect of their extracting their proved reserves. For the latter, the risk arises not so much from their relatively small proved reserves, but from their on-going exploration and development of new fossil fuel resources. For preventing DAI overall, effective action must include the state-owned companies, the investor-owned companies, and governments. However, given that the majority of the world's reserves are coal resources owned by governments with little capacity to extract them in the near term, we suggest that the more immediate urgency lies with the private sector, and that investor and consumer pressure should focus on phasing out these companies’ on-going exploration programs.  相似文献   

自然湿地与人工湿地生态占补平衡研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

田富强  刘鸿明 《湿地科学与管理》2016,(3):45-49

自然湿地与人工湿地的功能与效益并不完全相同。实现湿地生态占补平衡,必须考虑占补湿地的替代性与同质性。人工湿地与自然湿地的替代性是解决湿地生态占补平衡的关键问题之一。建立自然湿地与人工湿地占补平衡的约束机制,占用自然湿地时,可以新建人工湿地,还可以恢复自然湿地。通过确保自然湿地生态量、生态功能与生态效益的均衡,减少湿地的生态损失。尽可能在同一水文单位或同流域内实现湿地生态占补平衡。资金投入要兼顾现有自然湿地的生态恢复与新建人工湿地。  相似文献   

熊猫栖息地景观格局变化分析与优化技术初探     

潘星  李维庆  翟亮  张志强  彭义 《测绘科学》2016,41(4):61-65,96

针对大熊猫栖息地近年来受逐渐频繁的人类活动和地震等自然灾害的影响,大熊猫的生存空间和活动范围呈现"破碎化""岛屿化"问题,该文提出了一种利用景观格局分析技术定量分析大熊猫栖息地的景观组分空间分布特征和景观功能的方法。通过采用景观生态学理论,选取四川喇叭河自然保护区为研究区域,基于2001、2007和2013年3期Landsat卫星影像,对研究区大熊猫栖息地景观类型开展动态监测;并通过选取计算景观指数,分析景观格局变化对大熊猫栖息地生态环境的影响。通过构建大熊猫运动阻力模型,利用GIS空间分析功能分析研究区自然生态对大熊猫物种基因交流的影响,从空间上对生态功能优化技术进行了初步探讨。  相似文献