Nitrogen transformation processes in the Elbe River: Distinguishing between assimilation and denitrification by means of stable isotope ratios in nitrate   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Barbara Deutsch  Maren Voss  Helmut Fischer 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2009,71(2):228-237

  相似文献   

Growing season variability of nitrate along a trophic gradient – contrasting patterns between lakes and streams     

Maria I. Khalili  Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2009,71(1):25-33

  相似文献   

Part Load Performance and Emission Improvement of Direct Injection Diesel Engine through Porous Medium Combustion Technique     

Chidambaram Kannan  Packirisamy Tamilporai 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2009,37(10):806-810

Diesel engines are being extensively used in the transport sector owing to their excellent fuel efficiency, low emissions of carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. However, high emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate matter (PM) place diesel engines on the down side. It is extremely complex to reduce both emissions at the same time, because of the trade‐off between NO_x and PM emissions. Even though the implementation of high pressure injection and common rail system could reduce both NO_x and PM emissions together, the cost involved would be high and unaffordable for many engine producers and consumers. In this research work, a new combustion technique termed, porous medium combustion, has been proven to be a proficient technique in reducing both NO_x and PM emissions from the direct injection diesel engines. However, the NO_x and PM emissions were found to be higher than the conventional engine at low range of part loads.  相似文献   

Land-based nutrient enrichment of the Buccoo Reef Complex and fringing coral reefs of Tobago, West Indies     

Brian E. Lapointe  Richard Langton  Arthur C. Potts  Chuanmin Hu 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(3):334-343

Tobago’s fringing coral reefs (FR) and Buccoo Reef Complex (BRC) can be affected locally by wastewater and stormwater, and regionally by the Orinoco River. In 2001, seasonal effects of these inputs on water-column nutrients and phytoplankton (Chl a), macroalgal C:N:P and δ¹⁵N values, and biocover at FR and BRC sites were examined. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, particularly ammonium) increased and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) decreased from the dry to wet season. Wet season satellite and Chl a data showed that Orinoco runoff reaching Tobago contained chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) but little Chl a, suggesting minimal riverine nutrient transport to Tobago. C:N ratios were lower (16 vs. 21) and macroalgal δ¹⁵N values higher (6.6‰ vs. 5.5‰) in the BRC vs. FR, indicating relatively more wastewater N in the BRC. High macroalgae and low coral cover in the BRC further indicated that better wastewater treatment could improve the health of Tobago’s coral reefs.  相似文献   

Noble gases,nitrogen and cosmic ray exposure age of the Sulagiri chondrite     

Ramakant R. Mahajan 《地学前缘(英文版)》2017,8(1):205-210

The Sulagiri meteorite fell in India on 12 September 2008,LL6 chondrite class is the largest among all the Indian meteorites.Isotopic compositions of noble gases(He,Ne,Ar,Kr and Xe) and nitrogen in the Sulagiri meteorite and cosmic ray exposure history are discussed.Low cosmogenic(~(22)Ne/~(21)Ne)_c ratio is consistent with irradiation in a large body.Cosmogenic noble gases indicate that Sulagiri has a 4πcosmic-ray exposure(CRE) age of 27.9 ± 3.4 Ma and is a member of the peak of CRE age distribution of IX chondrites.Radiogenic ~4He and ~(40)Ar concentrations in Sulagiri yields the radiogenic ages as 2.29 and4.56 Ca,indicating the loss of He from the meteorite.Xenon and krypton are mixture of Q and spallogenic components.  相似文献   

Nanoscale pore structure and fractal characteristics of a marine-continental transitional shale: A case study from the lower Permian Shanxi Shale in the southeastern Ordos Basin,China     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

Shale samples collected from seven wells in the southeastern Ordos Basin were tested to investigate quantitatively the pore structure and fractal characteristics of the Lower Permian Shanxi Shale, which was deposited in a marine-continental transitional (hereinafter referred to as the transitional) environment. Low-pressure nitrogen adsorption data show that the Shanxi Shale exhibits considerably much lower surface area (SA) and pore volume (PV) in the range of 0.6–1.3 m²/g and 0.25–0.9 ml/100 g, respectively. Type III kerogen abundant in the transitional Shanxi Shale were observed to be poorly developed in the organic pores in spite of being highly mature, which resulted in a small contribution of organic matter (OM) to the SA and PV. Instead, I/S (illite-smectite mixed clay) together with illite jointly contributed mostly to the SA and PV as a result of the large amount of inter-layer pores associated with them, which were evident in broad-ion-beam (BIB) imaging and statistical analysis. Additionally, the Shanxi Shale has fractal geometries of both pore surface and pore structure, with the pore surface fractal dimension (D1) ranging from 2.16 to 2.42 and the pore structure fractal dimension (D2) ranging from 2.49 to 2.68, respectively. The D1 values denote a pore surface irregularity increase with an increase in I/S and illite content attributed to their more irregular pore surface compared with other mineralogical compositions and OM. The fractal dimension D2 characterizing the pore structure complexity is closely related to the pore arrangement and connectivity, and I/S and illite decrease the D2 when their contents increase due to the incremental ordering degree and connectivity of I/S- or illite-hosted pores. Meanwhile, other shale constituents (including kaolinite, chlorite, and OM) that possess few pores can significantly increase the pore structure complexity by way of pore-blocking.  相似文献   

A preliminary assessment of nitrate degradation in simulated soil environments   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

U.?Atxotegi  M.?Z.?IqbalEmail author  A.?C.?Czarnetzki 《Environmental Geology》2003,45(2):161-170

This study was directed toward a preliminary assessment of nitrate degradation in northeast Iowa soils. Soil experimental plots were created with variable combinations of fertilizers, ethanol, irrigation, and plant growth. The maximum average concentration of nitrate was much higher in the chemically fertilized plots (500 mg/km) than those fertilized organically (120 mg/kg). This was attributed to the excessive ammonia volatilization from the applied cow manure. Soil nitrate dropped from 155 to 50 mg/kg in a matter of 3 weeks in the deep samples of the intermittently irrigated plots. This is because higher soil moisture lowered the oxygen level, which favored denitrification. Although ethanol seemed to have restricted the release of nitrate in the manure-treated plots, the data are not conclusive. The highest degradation of soil-nitrate (lowest recovered 38 mg/kg) was observed in the plots that simultaneously grew corn, received cow manure, and were not irrigated. Soils in these plots were depleted of nitrogen by ammonia volatilization from manure, and through the uptake by corn plants. Nitrification of organic nitrogen to nitrate was restricted in plots that were left without irrigation. Rain events helped nitrification on the surface, but promoted denitrification at depth.  相似文献   

Interstellar chemistry recorded by nitrogen isotopes in Solar System organic matter     

Jérôme Aléon  François Robert 《Icarus》2004,167(2):424-430

The relationship between the organic and D/H ratios in small Solar System bodies (meteorites, interplanetary dust and comets) suggests that isotopic exchange reactions taking place at various temperatures are at the origin of the observed variations. These relationships are used to determine the exothermicity (ΔE) of ion-molecule reactions that fractionated the nitrogen isotopic ratio in the presolar molecular cloud; that is ΔE=43±10 K. Comparison with current models of interstellar chemistry suggests that such a value could be achieved by condensation of ¹⁵N-rich gas-phase precursors onto grain surfaces and their further isolation from the gas by incorporation into large macromolecular structures.  相似文献   

海洋蓝细菌生物固氮的研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

侯建军  黄邦钦 《地球科学进展》2005,20(3):312-319

海洋生物固氮是海洋中氮循环的重要过程，其对海洋吸收CO2有着重要的影响。海洋固氮蓝细菌的种类和数量也有待进一步探明。现今的研究已表明，蓝细菌对海洋的氮平衡和生物生产有着重要的贡献。从海洋生物固氮的研究现状和研究方法着手，阐述了海洋生物固氮的意义，并重点对影响海洋生物固氮的因素、海洋蓝细菌生物固氮的生物化学和分子生物学机制等研究方面做了细致的综述，在此基础上提出了海洋生物固氮方面有待深入研究的科学问题，旨在为海洋生物固氮及氮的生物地球化学研究提供基础资料。  相似文献   

Mesoscalic estimation of nitrogen discharge via drainage systems   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ulrike Hirt  Torsten Hammann  Burghard C. Meyer   《Limnologica》2005,35(3):206-219

A complex approach has been developed for estimating mesoscalic nitrogen discharges via drainage systems using spatial information about land use, drainage areas, nitrogen balances and soil and site characteristics. Determining the total drainage area involves certain difficulties for larger areas, as on the one hand, the available databases are incomplete, and on the other hand the localisation and digitalisation of large subsurface drainage areas is a very time-consuming process. Knowledge of the history and causes of drainage systems in landscapes is required. To solve this problem a method has been developed to calculate the drainage areas for large catchments. In order to obtain a complete data set of subsurface drainage areas, representative areas were selected to enable the proportion of subsurface drainage area to be determined for various soil and site characteristics. These proportions were extrapolated to the entire area and the approach tested in the Mulde River Catchment Area in Germany.The rate of drained arable land is about 25.2% of the total area, which can be broken down into grassland (19.0%) and arable land (27.4%). The results differ for sandy soils with up to 8% drained areas and 57.8% for stagnant soils. This shows that the proportion of drained land is highly dependent on the nature of the soil in the catchment area, which has profound implications for approaches to nitrogen modelling.Average nitrogen discharge for the whole catchment area via drainage water was 33 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 1980s and 10 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 1990s. The nitrogen discharge varies from one soil type to another: in regions with sandy substrate (11,900 ha) discharge was 34 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 1980s (14 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 1990s), while in areas with loess lessivé soils (89,200 ha) it was about 26 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 1980s (9 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 1990s). The reduction can be explained by the complete change in farming strategy since the demise of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR).The approach shown is well suited to future model approaches on a regional scale. By creating and integrating new data sets derived from modern GIS operations the approach reduces the uncertainty of water and nitrogen modelling. This gives us a better understanding of nitrogen discharges into surface and groundwater and temporal discharge dynamics. The discharge data are highly valuable to predict environmental protection measurements for streams, lakes, coastal waters and groundwaters.  相似文献