A top to bottom lithospheric study of Africa and Arabia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Michael E. Pasyanos  Andrew A. Nyblade 《Tectonophysics》2007,444(1-4):27-44

We study the lithospheric structure of Africa, Arabia and adjacent oceanic regions with fundamental-mode surface waves over a broad period range. Including group velocities with periods shorter than 35 s allows us to examine shallower features than previous studies of the whole continent. In the process, we have developed a crustal thickness map of Africa. Main features include crustal thickness increases under the West African, Congo, and Kalahari cratons. We find crustal thinning under Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifts, including the Benue Trough, Red Sea, and East, Central, and West African rift systems, along with less abrupt crustal thickness changes at passive continental margins. We also find crustal thickness differences in North Africa between the West African Craton and East Saharan Shield. Crustal shear wave velocities are generally faster in oceanic regions and cratons, and slower in more recent crust and in active and remnant orogenic regions. Deeper structure, related to the thickness of cratons and modern rifting, is generally consistent with previous work. Under cratons we find thick lithosphere and fast upper mantle velocities, while under rifts we find thinned lithosphere and slower upper mantle velocities. However, we also find the lack of a thick cratonic keel beneath the central portion of the Congo Craton. There are no consistent effects in areas classified as hotspots, indicating that there seem to be numerous origins for these features. Finally, it appears that the African Superswell, which is responsible for high elevation and uplift over large portions of Africa, has had a significantly different impact (as indicated by features such as temperature, time of influence, etc.) in the north and the south. This is consistent with episodic activity at shallow depths, which is well-expressed in northeastern Africa and Arabia today.  相似文献   

Is the outcrop topology of dolerite dikes of the Precambrian Singhbhum Craton fractal?     

Nibir Mandal  Atin Kumar Mitra  Santanu Misra  Chandan Chakraborty 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(6):643-660

In the Precambrian Singhbhum Craton of eastern India, newer dolerite dikes occur profusely with varying outcrop lengths. We have analysed the nature of their length-size and orientation distributions in relation to the theory of fractals. Two orientational sets of dikes (NW-SE and NE-SW) are present. Both the sets show strongly non-power-law size distributions, as reflected in non-linear variations in logarithmic space. We analyzed thousands of data, revealing that polynomial functions with a degree of 3 to 4 are the best representatives of the non-linear variations. Orientation analysis shows that the degree of dispersions from the mean trend tends to decrease with increasing dike length. The length-size distributions were studied by simulating fractures in physical models. Experimental fractures also show a non-power-law distribution, which grossly conforms to those of the dolerite dikes. This type of complex size distributions results from the combined effects of nucleation, propagation and coalescence of fractures.  相似文献   

Age constraints on felsic intrusions, metamorphism and gold mineralisation in the Palaeoproterozoic Rio Itapicuru greenstone belt, NE Bahia State, Brazil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Edson F. Mello  Roberto P. Xavier  Neal J. McNaughton  Steffen G. Hagemann  Ian Fletcher  Larry Snee 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,40(8):849-866

U–Pb sensitive high resolution ion microprobe mass spectrometer (SHRIMP) ages of zircon, monazite and xenotime crystals from felsic intrusive rocks from the Rio Itapicuru greenstone belt show two development stages between 2,152 and 2,130 Ma, and between 2,130 and 2,080 Ma. The older intrusions yielded ages of 2,152±6 Ma in monazite crystals and 2,155±9 Ma in zircon crystals derived from the Trilhado granodiorite, and ages of 2,130±7 Ma and 2,128±8 Ma in zircon crystals derived from the Teofilândia tonalite. The emplacement age of the syntectonic Ambrósio dome as indicated by a 2,080±2-Ma xenotime age for a granite dyke probably marks the end of the felsic magmatism. This age shows good agreement with the Ar–Ar plateau age of 2,080±5 Ma obtained in hornblendes from an amphibolite and with a U–Pb SHRIMP age of 2,076±10 Ma in detrital zircon crystals from a quartzite, interpreted as the age of the peak of the metamorphism. The predominance of inherited zircons in the syntectonic Ambrósio dome suggests that the basement of the supracrustal rocks was composed of Archaean continental crust with components of 2,937±16, 3,111±13 and 3,162±13 Ma. Ar–Ar plateau ages of 2,050±4 Ma and 2,054±2 Ma on hydrothermal muscovite samples from the Fazenda Brasileiro gold deposit are interpreted as minimum ages for gold mineralisation and close to the true age of gold deposition. The Ar–Ar data indicate that the mineralisation must have occurred less than 30 million years after the peak of the metamorphism, or episodically between 2,080 Ma and 2,050 Ma, during uplift and exhumation of the orogen.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available for this article at  相似文献   

华北东部中、新生代岩石圈地幔的不均一性：来自橄榄石的组成填图结果   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10  

张宏福英基丰  汤艳杰张瑾赵新苗  牛利锋肖燕 苏本勋 《岩石学报》2006,22(9):2279-2288

华北中、新生代玄武质火山岩和基性脉岩携带的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体中橄榄石和/或橄榄石捕虏晶系统的组成填图显示华北东部中、新生代岩石圈地幔存在明显的时空分布规律和不均一性。这与通过岩石圈地幔源基性岩石的地球化学反演获得的华北中生代岩石圈地幔的时空不均一性及其块体特征完全一致。太行山和鲁皖地区新生代岩石圈地幔的差异演化主要反映古老地幔橄榄岩与熔体相互作用时熔体性质和来源的不同。同时,橄榄石 Fo 填图还揭示了郯庐断裂对华北东部中、新生代基性岩浆活动及其岩石圈地幔演化的重要制约作用。而且,华北东部中生代岩石圈减薄后尚存古老岩石圈地幔残留。因此,华北东部岩石圈减薄的整体拆沉模式很难成立。  相似文献   

乌拉山-集宁孔兹岩锆石激光探针等离子质谱（LA-ICP-MS）年龄——孔兹岩沉积时限的年代学研究   总被引：12，自引：16，他引：12  

吴昌华 孙敏李惠民  赵国春夏小平 《岩石学报》2006,22(11):2639-2654

乌拉山-集宁地区由 TTG 片麻岩、麻粒岩、斜长角闪岩、孔兹岩等组成的高级变质地体,过去一直按有序地层划分,按变质程度定时代。现在识别出深成岩后,TTG 片麻岩已广泛采用锆石 U-Pb 测年,而表壳岩测年由于小于传统预想的地层年龄,所以往往仍按变质程度定时代:如只有中-新太古代年龄的麻粒岩(兴和岩群)被定为古太古代,只有古元古代年龄的孔兹岩被定成新太古代。尤其是孔兹岩,因为常规锆石(TIMS)年龄不能分辨碎屑年龄和变质年龄,所以其沉积时代是太古还是古元古更长期争论不决。为了解决这个问题,本文依据始于上世纪90年代的国内外区分岩浆锆石、变质锆石、碎屑锆石的研究成果,以锆石阴极发光(CL)和背散射(BSE)图象,首先查明孔兹岩除了含有均匀无内部结构的变质锆石还含有具结晶韵律环带结构的锆石,因为后一种结构是岩浆成因的有力证据,它产在沉积岩中就代表碎屑锆石。碎屑锆石有老有新,只有年龄最小的碎屑锆石才能限定沉积时代,所以沉积年龄必须以大量锆石测年统计。数以百计的锆石测年以 SHRIMP 进行固然最好,然而昂贵的费用本课题无力承担,所以我们改用灵敏度也较高,而且快速简便、费用低廉的激光探针(LA-ICP-MS)进行。结果得到:乌拉山大庙片麻状花岗岩的岩浆锆石年龄为2.49Ga,显示高级变质下原岩年龄仍能保存;乌拉山-集宁的孔兹岩变质锆石一致给出≈1.8Ga 的变质年龄,与已有的 TIMS 法≈1.85Ga 的变质年龄一致;乌拉山哈德门沟石墨厂、包白铁路桃儿湾、忽鸡沟窑子湾和集宁兴和黄土窑等四处孔兹岩给出的碎屑锆石年龄有老有新,最老的≈2.3Ga,多数谐和的碎屑锆石年龄在2.2～2.0Ga 之间,因为沉积时代以最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄限定,所以孔兹岩的沉积时代不是太古而是古元古。乌拉山-集宁地区的 TTG 片麻岩年龄比孔兹岩的碎屑锆石年龄大,表明孔兹岩不是由附近太古宙岩石提供碎屑物质的原地沉积,而是经吕梁运动碰撞进入下地壳,才与附近太古宙岩石产在一起的外来构造岩片。  相似文献   

Geochemistry, Nd Isotopic Characteristics of Metamorphic Complexes in Northern Hebei： Implications for Crustal Accretion   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

K. H. PARK 《《地质学报》英文版》2006,80(6):807-818

The middle segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton （NCC） consists mainly of metamorphosed Archean Dantazi Complex, Paleoproterozoic Hongqiyingzi Complex and unmetamorphosed gabbro-anorthosite-meta-alkaline granite, as well as metamorphosed Late Paleozoic mafic to granitoid rocks in the Damiao-Changshaoying area. The -2.49 Ga Dantazi Complex comprises dioritic-trondhjemitic-granodoritic-monzogranitic gneisses metamorphosed in amphibolite to granulite facies. Petrochemical characteristics reveal that most of the rocks belong to a medium- to high-potassium calc-alkaline series, and display Mg^# less than 40, right-declined REE patterns with no to obviously positive Eu anomalies, evidently negative Th, Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies in primitive mantlenormalized spider diagrams, εNd（t）=＋0.65 to -0.03, and depleted mantle model ages TDM=2.78-2.71 Ga. Study in petrogenesis indicates that the rocks were formed from magmatic mixing between mafic magma from the depleted mantle and granitoid magma from partial melting of recycled crustal mafic rocks in a continental margin setting. The 2.44-2.41 Ga Hongqiyingzi Complex is dominated by metamorphic mafic-granodioritic-monzogranitic gneisses, displaying similar petrochemical features to the Dantazi Complex, namely medium to high potassium calc-alkaline series, and the mafic rocks show evident change in LILEs, negative Th, Nb, Ta, Zr anomalies and positive P anomalies. And the other granitiod samples also exhibit negative Th, Nb, Ta, P and Ti anomalies. All rocks in the Hongqiyingzi Complex show right-declined REE patterns without Eu anomaly. The metamorphic mafic rocks with εNd（t） = -1.64 may not be an identical magmatic evolution series with granitoids that have εNd（t） values of ＋3.19 to ＋1.94 and TDM ages of 2.55-2.52 Ga. These granitic rocks originated from hybrid between mafic magma from the depleted mantle and magma from partial melting of juvenile crustal mafic rocks in an island arc setting. All the -311 Ma Late Paleozoic metamorphic mafic rocks and related granitic rocks show a medium-potassium calc-alkaline magmatic evolution series, characterized by high Mg^#, obviously negative Th, Nb, Ta anomalies and positive Sr anomalies, from no to strongly negative Ti anomalies and flat REE patterns with εNd（t） = ＋8.42, implying that the maflc magma was derived from the depleted mantle. However the other granitic rocks are characterized by right-declined REE patterns with no to evidently positive Eu anomalies, significantly low εNd（t） = -13.37 to -14.04, and TDM=1.97-1.96 Ga, revealing that the granitoid magma was derived from hybrid between maflc magma that came from -311 Ma depleted mantle and granitoid magma from Archean to Early Paleoproterozoic ancient crustal recycling. The geochemistry and Nd isotopic characteristics as well as the above geological and geochronological results indicate that the middle segment of the northern margin of the NCC mainly experienced four crustal growth episodes from Archean to Late Paleozoic, which were dominated by three continental marginal arc accretions （-2.49, -2.44 and 311 Ma）, except the 1.76-1.68 Ga episode related to post-collisional extension, revealing that the crustal accretion of this segment was chiefly generated from arc accretion and amalgamation to the NCC continental block.  相似文献   

Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP ages of weakly to unmetamorphosed granitoids of the Yangtze basement outcrop in Dabieshan, central China     

Huaimin Xue  Shuwen Dong  Ping Jian 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2006,27(6):779-787

The Qichun granitoids exposed in the Dabie Orogen of China are composed of two types of rocks: porphyritic monzogranite (with variable schistosity) and syenogranite (without schistosity). The two types show large differences in geochemical characteristics. The porphyritic monzogranite is characterized by high Al₂O₃ content (15.73%), relatively high CaO (2.46%) and Na₂O contents (Na₂O/K₂O=1.27), strong depletion in HREE and strong fractionation between LREE and HREE ((La/Yb)_N=46.8), similar to some high Al₂O₃ Archaean TTG gneisses. Conversely, the syenogranite is characterized by relatively low Al₂O₃ (14.05%) and CaO (0.82%) contents, and higher K₂O than Na₂O (Na₂O/K₂O=0.81). The degree of fractionation between LREE and HREE is minor. The U–Pb SHRIMP zircon age of the porphyritic monzogranite is 841±15 and 824±27 Ma for the syenogranite. These ages are similar to the protolith emplacement ages of granitic gneisses in the Dabie Orogenic Belt. The existence of weakly to unmetamorphosed granitoids in the Dabie Orogen shows that the granitoids were situated in the back part of the subducted plate during collision and subduction between the Yangtze and the North China cratons, and may represent outcrops of the Yangtze basement.  相似文献   

Further evidence for 1.85 Ga metamorphism in the Central Zone of the North China Craton: SHRIMP U–Pb dating of zircon from metamorphic rocks in the Lushan area, Henan Province     

Yusheng Wan  Simon A. Wilde  Dunyi Liu  Changxiu Yang  Biao Song  Xiaoyan Yin   《Gondwana Research》2006,9(1-2):189

This paper reports SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating of Precambrian supracrustal and granitic rocks from the Lushan area, Henan Province, in the southern portion of the Central Zone (also referred to as the Trans-North China Orogen) of the North China Craton. A graphite–garnet–sillimanite gneiss (Sample TW0006/1) of the Shangtaihua ‘Group’ gives a range of inherited zircon ages from 2.73 to 2.26 Ga and a metamorphic zircon age of 1.84 ± 0.07 Ga. A garnet-bearing gneissic granitoid (Sample TWJ358/1), which is considered to intrude the Shangtaihua ‘Group’, gives a magmatic zircon age of 2.14 ± 0.02 Ga and a metamorphic zircon age of 1.87 Ga. The metamorphic zircon ages of 1.87–1.84 Ga obtained in this study indicate that an important tectonothermal event occurred at the end of the Paleoproterozoic in the Lushan area. This supports the southern continuation of a Central Zone in the North China Craton that workers have recently considered to result from continent–continent collision. It is also evident that the Shangtaihua ‘Group’ was formed during the Paleoproterozoic (between 2.26 and 2.14 Ga), and not during the Archean, as previously considered.  相似文献   

An integrated multi-scale 3D seismic model of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton, Australia     

B.R. Goleby  R.S. Blewett  T. Fomin  S. Fishwick  A.M. Reading  P.A. Henson  B.L.N. Kennett  D.C. Champion  L. Jones  B.J. Drummond  M. Nicoll 《Tectonophysics》2006,420(1-2):75

The collection of a range of different seismic data types has greatly improved our understanding of the crustal architecture of Australia's Archaean Yilgarn Craton over the last few years. These seismic data include broadband seismic studies, seismic receiver functions, wide-angle recordings and mine-scale to deep seismic reflection transects. Each data set provides information on the three-dimensional (3D) tectonic model of the Yilgarn Craton from the craton scale through to the mine scale. This paper demonstrates that the integration and rationalisation of these different seismic data sets into a multi-scale 3D geological/seismic model, that can be visualised at once in a single software package, and incorporating all available data sets, significantly enhances this understanding. This enhanced understanding occurred because the integrated 3D model allowed easy and accurate comparison of one result against another, and facilitated the integrated questioning and interrogation across scales and seismic method. As a result, there are feedback questions regarding understanding of the individual seismic data sets themselves, as well as the Yilgarn Craton as a whole.The methodology used, including all the data sets in the model range, had to allow for the wide range of data sets, frequencies and seismic modes. At the craton scale, P-wave, S-wave and surface wave variations constrained the 3D lithospheric velocity model, revealing noticeable large-scale velocity variations within and across the craton. An interesting feature of the data, easily identified in 3D, is the presence of a fast S-wave velocity anomaly (> 4.8 km s^− 1) within the upper mantle. This velocity anomaly dips east and has a series of step-down offsets that coincide approximately with province and terrane boundaries of the Yilgarn Craton.One-dimensional receiver function profiles show variations in their crustal velocity across the craton. These crustal velocity variations are consistent with the larger-scale geological subdivision of the craton, and provide characteristic profiles for provinces and terranes. The receiver function results and the deep seismic reflection data both agree on the depth to the Moho, and both indicate an increase in Moho depth to the east. The 2D seismic refraction results in the south-west of the craton provide crustal thickness information, an indication of middle and lower crustal compositions, and information regarding the broad-scale architectural framework.At the province- and terrane-scale, the deep seismic reflection data and the mine-scale seismic data provide geometric constraints on crustal architecture, in particular the orientation of the region's fault systems as well as variations in the thickness of the granite–greenstone succession. Integration of the results from wide-angle seismic refraction data coincident with the deep seismic reflection data provided additional constraints on likely upper crustal lithologies.The integrated 3D seismic model implies the dominant geodynamic process involved the development of an orogenic belt that developed with a series of contractional (folding and thrusting) events, separated by equally important extensional events. The seismic reflection data in particular suggests that extensional movement on many shear zones was more common than previously thought.The seismic reflection data suggest that the dominant mineral systems involved deeply sourced fluid flowing up crustal-penetrating shear zones. These deeply sourced fluids were further focussed into sites located above fault-breached domal regions in the upper crust.  相似文献   

华北克拉通破坏过程中下地壳的改造——捕虏体证据     

英基丰  张宏福  汤艳杰 《岩石矿物学杂志》2013,32(5):567-576

华北克拉通出露的前寒武纪麻粒岩地体和显生宙不同时期火山岩中的麻粒岩捕虏体是地质历史上不同时期下地壳的代表性样品,对它们的对比研究为华北克拉通下地壳的演化提供了重要制约。本文在前人工作基础上,主要从地体麻粒岩和不同时代火山岩中捕虏体麻粒岩的锆石年代学和Hf同位素组成特征角度,指出在华北克拉通岩石圈破坏过程中,不仅岩石圈地幔发生了减薄和改造,岩石圈地幔之上的下地壳也发生了不同程度的减薄和改造,这种改造存在区域上的差异,包括改造的时间、改造的程度等。下地壳的改造方式主要以幔源岩浆的底侵为主,古老地壳物质的重熔也是可能的一种方式。  相似文献