中国东部富钾埃达克岩成因的实验约束   总被引：27，自引：21，他引：27  

RobertP.PAPP  肖龙 《岩石学报》2002,18(3):293-302

Adakite在地球化学上具明显特征的火山岩和深成花岗岩类岩石，见于洋内岛孤环境和大陆孤，如安底斯孤。在洋内岛孤，由热的消减的大洋岩石圈熔融形成（叫做“板片熔融”），而在大陆孤，熔融曾发生在构造或岩浆加厚的下地壳底（叫做“下地壳熔融”）。在这两种产状环境中，adakite的鲜明地球化学特征被认为是起因子，一种不同程度含水的变质基性原岩在足够深度上的部分熔融，这里的足够深度是指可使石榴子石在残余结晶组合（即石榴角闪石和/或榴辉石的残余）中保持稳定的深度。“原始”或“母”adakite熔体一旦形成，便可能在其向上运移和侵位上地壳期间受到同化作用（或是地幔，或是大陆物质）和结晶分异作用的改造。中国东部晚中生代（早中白垩世，160-110Ma）的adakite,与见于同一地区和其它地方的钠质adakite相比，通常富含钾(K2O)和其它大离子亲石元素（如Ba,Th,U），有较低的Na2O/K2O比值（-1.0-1.1）,类似于玄武岩在石榴角闪岩-榴辉岩相含水熔融实验中所产生adakite熔体，要么是由洋壳板片熔融所形成，要么是由不同成分的玄武质下地壳原岩部分熔融所形成。尽管有些成分差异，它们的总体化学特征仍然可将中国东部的富钾花岗岩类岩石定均adakite。我们把这些富钾的adakite的独特化学行特征，归因于成分来源的特殊性，或adakite母岩浆遭受了同化混染和结晶分异(AFC)作用的改造。虽然中国东部与消减带环境明显不同这一点表明，那里的adakite可由板块底部侵位的（岩浆加厚的）镁铁质下地壳部分熔融所形成，但燕山运动期间中国东部存在“平坦”俯冲的地球动力学环境是可能被排除的。  相似文献   

Ethnic groups’ response to the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  

Jean-Christophe Gaillard  Elsa Clavé  Océane Vibert  Azhari  Dedi  Jean-Charles Denain  Yusuf Efendi  Delphine Grancher  Catherine C. Liamzon  Desy Rosnita Sari  Ryo Setiawan 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(1):17-38

The 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami unfairly hit the different ethnic groups of Aceh, Indonesia. About 170,000 Acehnese and Minangkabau people died in the Northern tip of Sumatra while only 44 Simeulue people passed away in the neighbouring Simeulue island located near the earthquake epicentre. Such a difference in the death toll does not lie in the nature of the hazard but in different human behaviours and ethnic contexts. The present study draws on a contextual framework of analysis where people’s behaviour in the face of natural hazards is deeply influenced by the cultural, social, economic and political context. Questionnaire-based surveys among affected communities, key informant interviews and literature reviews show that the people of Simeulue detected the tsunami very early and then escaped to the mountains. On the other hand, Acehnese and Minangkabau people, respectively in the cities of Banda Aceh and Meulaboh, did not anticipate the phenomenon and were thus caught by the waves. The different behaviours of the victims have been commanded by the existence or the absence of a disaster subculture among affected communities as well as by their capacity to protect themselves in facing the tsunami. People’s behaviours and the capacity to protect oneself can be further tracked down to a deep tangle of intricate factors which include the armed conflict that has been affecting the province since the 1970s, the historical and cultural heritage and the national political economy system. This paper finally argues that the uneven impact of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Aceh lies in the different daily life conditions of the ethnic groups struck by the disaster.  相似文献   

Insights into Physiological Responses of the Halophyte Suaeda fruticosa to Simultaneous Salinity and Iron Deficiency          下载免费PDF全文

Hayet Houmani  Ahmed Debez  Tarek Slatni  Sabah Yousfi  Nahida Jellali  Wissal M'sehli  Chedly Abdelly  Mohammed Gharsalli 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(3):382-390

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Geochemical constraints on sustainable development: Can an advanced global economy achieve long-term stability?     

William F. Pickard   《Global and Planetary Change》2008,61(3-4):285-299

The eighty-one stable chemical elements are examined individually with respect to (i) recent annual demand and (ii) worst case long-term availability in a distant future in which they must be extracted from the background sources of air, seawater, and ordinary rock. It is shown that, if a conventional use scenario is envisioned, the supplies of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, tellurium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, and especially phosphorus will be questionable while the supplies of copper, zinc, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, antimony, tungsten, mercury, lead, and bismuth will be inadequate. It is therefore concluded that, in the long run, only the promotion of massive recycling and substitution technologies will suffice to maintain the global industrial society now developing.  相似文献   

An algorithmic approach to the total least-squares problem with linear and quadratic constraints   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Burkhard Schaffrin  Yaron A. Felus 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2009,53(1):1-16

Proper incorporation of linear and quadratic constraints is critical in estimating parameters from a system of equations. These constraints may be used to avoid a trivial solution, to mitigate biases, to guarantee the stability of the estimation, to impose a certain “natural” structure on the system involved, and to incorporate prior knowledge about the system. The Total Least-Squares (TLS) approach as applied to the Errors-In-Variables (EIV) model is the proper method to treat problems where all the data are affected by random errors. A set of efficient algorithms has been developed previously to solve the TLS problem, and a few procedures have been proposed to treat TLS problems with linear constraints and TLS problems with a quadratic constraint. In this contribution, a new algorithm is presented to solve TLS problems with both linear and quadratic constraints. The new algorithm is developed using the Euler-Lagrange theorem while following an optimization process that minimizes a target function. Two numerical examples are employed to demonstrate the use of the new approach in a geodetic setting.  相似文献   

Risk-adjusted approaches for planning sustainable agricultural development   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Günther Fischer  Tatiana Ermolieva  Yuri Ermoliev  Laixiang Sun 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(4):441-450

In this paper we show that explicit treatment of risks and uncertainties in agricultural production planning may considerably alter strategies for achieving robust outcomes with regard to sustainable agricultural developments. We discuss production planning models under uncertainties and risks that may assist in planning location-specific production expansion within environmental and health risk indicators and constraints. The proposed approaches are illustrated with the example of spatially explicit livestock production allocation in China to 2030.  相似文献   

一种面向栅格的空间-属性双重约束聚类方法     

刘敬一  薛存金  樊彦国  孔凡萍  何亚文 《地球信息科学学报》2017,19(4):447-456

针对栅格数据,传统聚类方法大都基于专题属性进行聚类,分裂了栅格对象的空间特性与专题属性,而兼顾空间与专题属性的现有空间聚类方法又存在算法复杂、参数设置多等问题,因此本文提出了一种面向栅格的空间-属性双重约束聚类算法（A Raster-oriented Clustering Method with Space-Attribute Constraints, RoCMSAC）。RoCMSAC利用栅格数据空间邻域和空间连通特性,重新定义栅格簇的相似性度量准则,通过属性均质簇生成,空间相邻栅格簇合并和空间邻近栅格簇合并3个步骤对栅格数据进行空间-属性双重约束聚类。利用太平洋海域海表温度栅格数据对算法的可行性以及有效性进行验证,并与现有算法进行对比分析。通过实例验证与对比发现：① RoCMSAC方法能够保证栅格簇空间域的邻近性和属性域的均质性;② RoCMSAC方法可发现复杂形状的栅格簇,且算法时间复杂度低,需输入参数较少。  相似文献   

浙东南地区晚中生代“祝村组”的解体:相关火山岩形成时代及岩石成因   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

刘磊  徐夕生  夏炎  梁琼丹  裴小利 《岩石学报》2017,33(1):115-126

浙东南沿海小雄盆地中"祝村组"火山岩的年代学研究表明,其形成时代(128Ma)不仅老于其上覆的上火山岩系(110~88Ma),还老于本应在其下伏的九里坪组(122~120Ma)而与区域内西山头组时代相同(130~128Ma)。"祝村组"火山岩的锆石Hf同位素组成表现出富集的特征并具有古元古代的地壳模式年龄(εHf(t)=-16.4~-13.6,tDM2=2.01~2.09Ga),同样与磨石山群下部地层如西山头组相似。结合火山碎屑岩-流纹岩的岩石组合以及区域地质特征,本研究认为"祝村组"的建组理由不充分,建议将其解体。同时,"祝村组"火山岩富集的Hf同位素组成表明其源区为较为纯粹的古元古代地壳基底物质,进一步暗示相对内陆地区的下岩系早期火山岩形成过程中已有较明显的亏损幔源物质参与,这是以往研究中未明确识别出的。浙东南地区晚中生代火山岩岩石成因中底侵幔源物质贡献比例的升高和火山碎屑岩-流纹岩-双峰式火山岩岩石组合均暗示了逐渐增强的岩石圈伸展应力环境,这可能与古太平洋俯冲板片的后撤作用密切相关。  相似文献   

Piperno from Campi Flegrei: a relevant stone in the historical and monumental heritage of Naples (Italy)     

Domenico Calcaterra  Alessio Langella  Roberto de Gennaro  Maurizio de’ Gennaro  Piergiulio Cappelletti 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(3):341-352

This paper reports novel data concerning the volcanic formation of the Piperno, a stone that has been used for a long time in the monumental architecture of Naples and the Campanian region (Southern Italy). A careful field survey of the outcrops or underground sites so far accessible allowed us to draw a lithostratigraphic reconstruction of the formation and enabled the recognition of the three main layers exploited in past centuries and which provided dimension stones for architectural and structural purposes. Petrophysical and mineralogical characterization also enabled us to discriminate the same layers previously identified. Different scoriae/matrix ratio, scoriae dimension and welding degree are the most peculiar features of these horizons. The combination of these three parameters, even though they did not affect the use of Piperno as dimension stone, somehow determined its variable susceptibility to the weathering agents. However, a linear relationship between the exposure time and the decay of the stone itself, at a parity of weathering intensity, was not observed. This assumption was proved by verifying that the specific layers of the volcanic sequence controlled the weathering degree of Piperno from monuments disregarding their age of emplacement.  相似文献   

Sedimentary, Magmatic and Tectonic Constraints on the Formation of the Yulong Supper-Large Porphyry Copper Polymetal Deposit, East Tibet   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tang J. X.  Wang C. S.  Gu X. X.  Chen J. P.  Huang W. WT  ”BX 《地学前缘》2000,(Z1)

ＳＵＰＲＡ ＳＵＢＤＵＣSEDIMENTARY, MAGMATIC AND TECTONIC CONSTRAINTS ON THE FORMATION OF THE YULONG SUPPER0-LARGE PORPHYRY COPPER POLYMETAL DEPOSIT, EAST TIBET  相似文献