Contributions of Satellite Laser Ranging to Past and Future Radar Altimetry Missions     

P. Exertier  P. Bonnefond  J. Nicolas  F. Barlier 《Surveys in Geophysics》2001,22(5-6):491-507

Satellite laser ranging (SLR) has proven avery efficient method for contributingto the tracking of altimetric satellites anddetermining accurately their orbitalthough hampered by the non-worldwide coverageand the meteorologicalconditions. Indeed, in some cases it is the onlymethod available to determinethe satellite orbit (e.g., the orbits of the ERS-1and Geosat-Follow-On missions).Moreover, any operational and non-weather dependenttechniques, like GPS,DORIS, PRARE, can exhibit systematic errors inpositioning and orbitography. Acomparison with SLR results allows to evidence sucherrors and vice versa. Fordoing that, two different approaches for determiningprecise orbits can beconsidered: one based on global orbit determination,the other on a short-arctechnique used to locally improve a global orbitdetermined by another trackingtechniques, such as DORIS or GPS. We can thusvalidate a global orbit andachieve orbit quality control to a level of2 to 3 centimeters at present and expectto achieve a level of 1 to 2 centimeters inthe near future. Errors induced bystation coordinates or by the gravity field(geographically correlated errors, forexample) can be estimated from SLR tracking data.Colocation experiments withdifferent techniques in the same geodetic siteplay also a key role to ensure preciserelationships between the geodetic referenceframes linked to each technique. Inparticular, the role of the SLR technique is tostrengthen the vertical component(including velocity) of the positioning, whichis crucial for altimetry missions.The role of SLR data in the modelling of the firstterms of the gravity field has finally to be emphasized,which is of primary importance in orbitography,whatever the tracking technique used.Another application of SLR technology is thesatellite altimeter calibration. Examples of past calibrationand future experiments are given, including theaccuracy we can expect from the Jason-1 and EnviSatspace oceanography missions.  相似文献   

A Probabilistic Displacement-based Vulnerability Assessment Procedure for Earthquake Loss Estimation   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  

Helen?Crowley  Rui?PinhoEmail author  Julian?J.?Bommer 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2004,2(2):173-219

Earthquake loss estimation studies require predictions to be made of the proportion of a building class falling within discrete damage bands from a specified earthquake demand. These predictions should be made using methods that incorporate both computational efficiency and accuracy such that studies on regional or national levels can be effectively carried out, even when the triggering of multiple earthquake scenarios, as opposed to the use of probabilistic hazard maps and uniform hazard spectra, is employed to realistically assess seismic demand and its consequences on the built environment. Earthquake actions should be represented by a parameter that shows good correlation to damage and that accounts for the relationship between the frequency content of the ground motion and the fundamental period of the building; hence recent proposals to use displacement response spectra. A rational method is proposed herein that defines the capacity of a building class by relating its deformation potential to its fundamental period of vibration at different limit states and comparing this with a displacement response spectrum. The uncertainty in the geometrical, material and limit state properties of a building class is considered and the first-order reliability method, FORM, is used to produce an approximate joint probability density function (JPDF) of displacement capacity and period. The JPDF of capacity may be used in conjunction with the lognormal cumulative distribution function of demand in the classical reliability formula to calculate the probability of failing a given limit state. Vulnerability curves may be produced which, although not directly used in the methodology, serve to illustrate the conceptual soundness of the method and make comparisons with other methods.  相似文献   

Simplified seismic fatigue evaluation for rigid steel connections     

Ayman?A.?ShamaEmail author  John?B.?Mander  Stuart?S.?Chen 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2003,2(2):245-253

A simplified fatigue-life model is proposed for assessing the seismic inelastic rotational capacity of steel connections. First relations are developed for rigid steel connections under lateral loading. Next this is extended to account for the effects of the welded steel moment frame (WSMF) connections of the so-called pre-Northridge type. The seismic fatigue theory is validated against experimental results. The experiments were conducted under increasing ductility amplitudcs until the onset of fracture. Miner‘ rule was used to convert the test results to given an equivalent constant amplitude cyclic fatigue life. Satisfactory agreement is obtained when comparing the experimental observations with the theoretical predictions.  相似文献   

Ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames under earthquake loading     

Larry?A.?FahnestockEmail author  Richard?Sause  James?M.?Ricles  Le-Wu?Lu 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2003,2(2):255-268

Accurate estimates of ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are crucial to performance-based design of BRBFs. An analytical study on the seismic behavior of BRBFs has been conducted at the ATLSS Center, Lehigh University to prepare for an upcoming experimental program. The analysis program DRAIN-2DX was used to model a one-bay, four-story prototype BRBF including material and geometric nonlinearities. The bucklingrestrained brace (BRB) model incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening. Nonlinear static pushover and timehistory analyses were performed on the prototype BRBF. Performance objectives for the BRBs were defined and uscd to evaluate thc time-history analysis results. Particular emphasis was placed on global ductility demands and ductility demands oa the BRBs. These demands were compared with anticipated ductility capacities. The analysis results, along with results from similar previous studics, are used to evaluate the BRBF design provisions that have been recommended for codification in the United States. Thc results show that BRB maximum ductility demands can be as high as 20 to 25. These demands significantly exceed those anticipated by the BRBF recommended provisions. Results from the static pushover and timehistory analyses are used to demonstrate why the ductility demands exceed those anticipated by the recommended provisions.The BRB qualification testing protocol contained in the BRBF recommended provisions is shown to be inadequate because it requires only a maximum ductility demand of at most 7.5. Modifications to the testing protocol are recommended.  相似文献   

钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震能力评估研究   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9  

杨仕升  郝效强秦荣 《地震工程与工程振动》2005,25(5):80-84

根据我国建筑抗震设计规范，借鉴建筑结构强度和延性的抗震能力评估理念，提出了评估钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震能力的定量方法。在利用ETABS集成软件完成建筑结构内力分析后，应用本研究编写的结构抗震能力评估计算程序，实现了对钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震能力的定量评估。实例评估表明，该方法除可定量评估建筑结构抗震能力外，还可从评估结果了解造成抗震能力不足的原因。  相似文献   

Seismic behavior of asymmetric RC wall buildings: principles and new deformation‐based design method     

Alois Sommer  Hugo Bachmann 《地震工程与结构动力学》2005,34(2):101-124

The seismic design of multi‐story buildings asymmetric in plan yet regular in elevation and stiffened with ductile RC structural walls is addressed. A realistic modeling of the non‐linear ductile behavior of the RC walls is considered in combination with the characteristics of the dynamic torsional response of asymmetric buildings. Design criteria such as the determination of the system ductility, taking into account the location and ductility demand of the RC walls, the story‐drift demand at the softer (most displaced) edge of the building under the design earthquake, the allowable ductility (ultimate limit state) and the allowable story‐drift (performance goals) are discussed. The definition of an eccentricity of the earthquake‐equivalent lateral force is proposed and used to determine the effective displacement profile of the building yet not the strength distribution under the design earthquake. Furthermore, an appropriate procedure is proposed to calculate the fundamental frequency and the earthquake‐equivalent lateral force. A new deformation‐based seismic design method taking into account the characteristics of the dynamic torsional response, the ductility of the RC walls, the system ductility and the story‐drift at the softer (most displaced) edge of the building is presented and illustrated with an example of seismic design of a multi‐story asymmetric RC wall building. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effects of reinforcement slippage on the non‐linear response under cyclic loadings of RC frame structures     

Suchart Limkatanyu  Enrico Spacone 《地震工程与结构动力学》2003,32(15):2407-2424

This paper discusses the importance of including the bond‐slip effects in assessing the response under cyclic loads of reinforced concrete frames. The discussion is based on analyses performed using numerical models which are simple, computationally efficient and capable of representing the salient features of reinforced concrete frames under both static and dynamic loads. The numerical models comprise a displacement‐based, reinforced concrete frame element with bond‐slip and a rigid beam column joint element with bond‐slip. Two applications illustrate the model accuracy and show the importance of including bond‐slip. The first application considers a reinforced concrete beam‐column subassemblage experimentally tested under cyclic loads. The second application considers the shaking table test of a two‐story one‐bay reinforced concrete frame In both cases the analytical results correlate well with the experimental results in terms of strength, displacement demands and hysteretic energy dissipation. Furthermore, the paper shows how the analyses that include bond‐slip yield a better correlation with the experimental results with respect to the analyses that assume a perfect bond. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

钢筋混凝土框架结构地震破坏的计算机模拟方法   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

焦双健  冯启民  付长文 《地震工程与工程振动》2002,22(2):54-59

本文提出了对钢筋混凝土框架结构地震破坏进行计算机模拟的方法，在模拟的过程中，作者建立了破坏单元以及单元破坏准则，导出了切合实际的结构倒塌的判定方法，开发了计算机机动模型的自动生成和分析技术以及可视化模拟技术，为研究钢筋混凝土框架结构破坏过程提供了一个有效的方法。  相似文献   

中高层钢筋混凝土异形柱框架结构试验与理论研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

王滋军  刘伟庆  蒋永生  汪杰  徐澄 《地震工程与工程振动》2002,22(5):62-65

对-1/6比例12层大开间钢筋混凝土异形柱框架结构模型进行了振动台试验，探讨结构的地震反应和破坏形态，采用杆模型编制了钢筋混凝土异形柱框架结构的弹塑性时程分析程序，经比较，计算结果与试验值吻合较好，探讨了肢长肢厚比对该体系结构性能的影响，并提出了相应的设计建议。  相似文献   

The height datum/geodetic datum problem   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

F. Sansò  G. Venuti 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,149(3):768-775

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