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51.
冬季雪深再分析资料在欧亚中高纬地区的适用性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
欧亚中高纬地区的积雪是影响气候的重要因子,但是观测台站稀疏且记录只到1996年,导致积雪观测资料严重缺乏。基于目前国际上应用较为广泛的3套再分析资料:美国国家大气海洋局(NOAA)的20世纪再分析资料(NCAR-20th century reanalysis)、欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的再分析资料(ERA-Interim)及日本气象厅(JMA)的全球大气再分析资料(JRA-55),利用前苏联站点观测的雪深资料评估雪深再分析资料在欧亚大陆区域的适用性。结果表明:3套再分析资料对积雪的时空变化均具有一定的描述能力;其中,尤以JRA-55再分析资料与观测事实最为接近,能较好揭示欧亚中高纬雪深变化的空间分布特征,反映雪深的长期变化趋势。JRA-55再分析资料揭示的欧亚雪深与169站观测有90%吻合,20世纪再分析资料有76%一致,而ERA-Interim再分析资料只有一半。区域尺度上,JRA-55再分析资料揭示的欧洲、西伯利亚南部雪深在1961~1990年的变化与观测是正相关,相关系数达到0.91、0.87,而20世纪再分析资料仅有0.77、0.32。长时间序列的雪深资料(JRA-55)表明欧亚大陆积雪存在年代际的变化特征:1960年代积雪偏少;1970年代偏多;从1980年代开始呈现减少趋势,持续至20世纪末,并且积雪的减少是高纬度积雪变化造成的。 相似文献
52.
基于再分析资料的我国龙卷发生环境和通用龙卷指标 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用NCEP再分析资料,对2004~2009年《中国气象灾害年鉴》(许小峰,2005-2012)上记录的龙卷按区域进行整合分析,确定在中国适合龙卷发生的大气环境条件。结合国内外已有参数,用临近探空的分析方法初步建立了一个适用于中国的龙卷潜势预报通用指标。研究表明:我国龙卷主要发生在东部地区,其发生发展需要有利的高低空形势场配置,并且不稳定能量的累积、水汽的输送都至关重要;从环境场来看,首要条件是有合适的对流有效位能和大的深层(0~6 km)风切变,低的抬升凝结高度和大的低层(0~1 km)风切变也是重要因素;建立了基于NCEP资料的龙卷潜势预报通用指标,并利用2010~2011年的龙卷事件对该指标进行了预测检验。 相似文献
53.
ABSTRACTWe evaluated precipitation estimates, TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42V7), CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis), GHCN-D (Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily Version 3.24), and Daymet, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The suitability and quality of TRMM, CFSR and Daymet in forcing the SWAT-based hydrological model was examined by means of model calibration. A calibrated TRMM-driven model slightly overestimated streamflow, while a calibrated CFSR-driven model performed worst. The Daymet-driven model performance was as good as the GHCN-D-driven model in reproducing observations. In addition, the temperature was far less sensitive compared with precipitation in driving SWAT. TRMM 3B42V7 showed great potential in streamflow simulation. The results and findings from this study provide new insights into the suitability of precipitation products for hydrological and climate impact studies in large basins, particularly those in typical climates and physiographic settings similar to the Midwestern USA. 相似文献
54.
利用NOAA/AVHRR归一化植被指数（NDVI）及观测气温与再分析地表气温的差值（Observation Minus Reanalysis, OMR）分析了植被覆盖状况对中国地表气温变化的影响.结果表明,地表气温OMR趋势值与NDVI在空间上呈现出显著的负相关关系,植被覆盖状况差（NDVI小于0.1）的区域地表升温较为显著,气温OMR趋势值超过0.2℃/10a,而植被覆盖度高（NDVI大于0.5）的区域气温OMR趋势值则变化不大,甚至出现降温.气温OMR趋势值对植被的季节变化还有着敏感的响应.不同区域植被覆盖状况的差异可能导致中国地表气温变化对全球变暖的响应不同,预测中国未来气候变化需要考虑植被覆盖状况及其动态变化的影响. 相似文献
55.
A Study on Climatological Features of the Asian Summer Monsoon: Dynamics, Energetics and Variability 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A continuing goal in the diagnostic studies of the atmospheric general circulation is to estimate various quantities that cannot be directly observed. Evaluation of all the dynamical terms in the budget equations for kinetic energy, vorticity, heat and moisture provide estimates of kinetic energy and vorticity generation, diabatic heating and source/sinks of moisture. All these are important forcing factors to the climate system. In this paper, diagnostic aspects of the dynamics and energetics of the Asian summer monsoon and its spatial variability in terms of contrasting features of surplus and deficient summer monsoon seasons over India are studied with reanalysis data sets. The daily reanalysis data sets from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) are used for a fifty-two year (1948–1999) period to investigate the large-scale budget of kinetic energy, vorticity, heat and moisture. The primary objectives of the study are to comprehend the climate diagnostics of the Asian summer monsoon and the role of equatorial convection of the summer monsoon activity over India.It is observed that the entrance/exit regions of the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) are characterized by the production/destruction of the kinetic energy, which is essential to maintain outflow/inflow prevailing at the respective location of the TEJ. Both zonal and meridional components contribute to the production of kinetic energy over the monsoon domain, though the significant contribution to the adiabatic generation of kinetic energy originates from the meridional component over the Bay of Bengal in the upper level and over the Somali Coast in the low level. The results indicate that the entire Indian peninsula including the Bay of Bengal is quite unstable during the summer monsoon associated with the production of vorticity within the domain itself and maintain the circulation. The summer monsoon evinces strong convergence of heat and moisture over the monsoon domain. Also, considerable heat energy is generated through the action of the adiabatic process. The combined effect of these processes leads to the formation of a strong diabatic heat source in the region to maintain the monsoon circulation. The interesting aspect noted in this study is that the large-scale budgets of heat and moisture indicate excess magnitudes over the Arabian Sea and the western equatorial Indian Ocean during surplus monsoon. On the other hand, the east equatorial Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal region show stronger activity during deficient monsoon. This is reflected in various budget terms considered in this study. 相似文献
56.
中国及其周边地区多种水凝物资料的气候态特征比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对云的水凝物含量进行研究有利于认识云的辐射性质和强迫效应,以及改善模式的预报性能。利用目前几种较为常用的卫星观测资料（ISCCP、MODIS和CloudSat）和再分析资料（CFSR和ERA-Interim）,对中国及其周边地区的多种水凝物变量,包括积分的云水路径、液水路径和冰水路径,以及分层的液态水含量和冰水含量的气候态水平及垂直分布特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,在总的水凝物含量方面,无论是描述整个中国及其周边地区的水平分布特征和主要变化模态,还是不同海陆区域的月变化特点,MODIS、ERA和CFSR三种资料都显示出较高的一致性,而ISCCP的绝对数值和变化幅度与它们均存在一定差异。在液态水含量方面,无论是水平还是垂直分布,ERA-Interim都有最高的数值,作为观测数据的MODIS和ISCCP则显著偏低。对于冰水含量,不同资料间无论是水平和垂直分布形式还是具体数值都存在明显差异。通过分析不同水凝物资料间气候态分布的差异性特征,有利于认识目前常用的几种水凝物资料的“不确定性”程度,从而更好地估计云的辐射效应,以及理解其在气候变化中所扮演的角色。 相似文献
57.
Steven J. Lambert 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):265-282
Abstract A global vertically integrated available potential energy‐kinetic energy budget in terms of the two‐dimensional wavenumber is formulated using spherical harmonics. Results of the budget equations applied to the four mid‐season months of the FGGE year are given. 相似文献
58.
利用西藏地区地面气温(OT)及NCEP/NCAR(NT1)、ERA-40(ET1)、NCEP/DOE(NT2)、ERA-Interim(ET2)和JRA-25(JT)五种月平均2 m气温再分析资料,对其气候均值、方差、气候趋势及年际和年代际变化等进行了分析和评估.结果表明:(1)五种再分析资料对西藏地区冬、夏季气温的估计均偏低,且冬季偏低大于夏季;经地形高度差订正,再分析资料与观测气温的偏差明显缩小,ET1、ET2和JT效果最佳;(2)西藏冬、夏季气温北部变化大、南部变化小,冬季变化大于夏季.ET1、ET2和JT对西藏东部气温年际变率的再现能力略强于NT1,在中西部,ET1、ET2、JT和NT1再现能力相当;NT2对年际变率的估计较差;(3)西藏大部分地区OT有明显增温趋势,冬季增温大于夏季,再分析资料增温不明显;(4)NT1与ET1均不能反映OT所具有的20世纪80年代以前多低于均值,80年代初期到90年代后期接近均值,此后高于均值的年代际变化特征;(5) ET2和JT对均值、年际变化和变率特征的描述较为接近,且优于NT2; (6)再分析资料温度与观测温度空间分布的相似性从高到低依次为JT＞ ET2＞ ET1＞ NT1＞ NT2. 相似文献
59.
The Twentieth Century Reanalysis （20thCR） dataset released in 2010 covers the period 1871-2010 and is one of the longest reanalysis datasets available worldwide. Using ERA-40, ERA-Interim and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, as well as HadSLP2 data and meteorological temperature records over eastern China, the performances of 20thCR in reproducing the spatial patterns and temporal variability of the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） are examined. Results indicate that 20thCR data： （1） can accurately reproduce the most typical configuration patterns of all sub-factors differences in the main circulation fields over East Asia involved in the EAWM system, albeit with some in comparison to ERA-40 reanalysis data; （2） is reliable and stable in describing the temporal variability of EAWM since the 1930s; and （3） can describe the high-frequency variability of EAWM better than the low-frequency fluctuations, especially in the early period. In conclusion, caution should be taken when using 20thCR data to study interdecadal variabilities or long-term trends of the EAWM, especially prior to the 1930s. 相似文献
60.
利用1999—2018年逐月ERA-interim再分析数据，选取青海省东部农业区的15个气象站点平均气温和土壤温度，采用误差和相关性分析，对比两种资料时间和站点空间变化规律，并对ERA-interim再分析资料的准确性进行验证评估。结果表明：ERA-interim再分析数据平均气温、5和15 cm土壤温度均低于观测值，分别偏低3.5、4.3和4.5℃；观测值与订正前后的再分析资料月际和季节变化基本一致，空间变化均表现出从东南部向西北部减小的趋势，而且最大值和最小值出现的站点完全一致。近20年来，观测值与再分析资料平均气温均呈现上升趋势，5和15 cm土壤温度观测值表现为升高趋势，而再分析数据呈减小趋势。与订正前相比，订正后的再分析资料与观测值的平均偏差和均方根误差明显减小，同时平均偏差和均方根误差年际变化均呈先增大后减小的趋势。年内平均偏差和均方根误差均呈现“M”型，最大值均出现在4月，最小值出现在12或1月。东部农业区地形复杂、海拔高度差异是再分析资料比观测值偏低的主要原因，利用回归方程实现平均气温和土壤温度再分析数据的订正，有效降低了ERA-interim再分析数据的偏差，提高再... 相似文献